语法讲座之过去完成时
“yangzhihua1208”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了7篇语法讲座之过去完成时，下面是小编为大家整理后的语法讲座之过去完成时，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助您。
篇1：语法讲座之过去完成时
基本概念
1 过去完成时的定义
过去完成时表在过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作。强调“过去的过去”
2 过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成
3 过去完成时的基本句型
肯定式 否定式 疑问式 简略回答
I had worked I had not worked Had I worked? Yes, I had. No, I hadnt.
He/She/It had worked He /She/It had not worked Had he/she/it worked? Yes, he/she/it had.
No, he/she/it hadnt.
We had worked We had not worked Had we worked? Yes, we had.
No, we hadnt.
You had worked You had not worked Had you worked? Yes, you had.
No, you hadnt.
They had worked They had not worked Had they worked? Yes, they had.
No, they hadnt.
4 过去完成时的基本用法
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。如?br>By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。
（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如：
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如：
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如：
I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。
（5）过去完成时常常用在宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如：
He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
（6）在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中，如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的，那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示。例如：
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。
She didnt go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如：
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
（7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如：
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。
（8）过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。例如：
Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。
重点疑难
1.历史事实通常用一般过去时表示，如：
They learned that President Lincoln led the American War.
He told the students that Hitler killed millions of Jews.
2.过去完成时可以代替一般过去时，表示惊奇，如：
I saw her coming, but in a minute, she had disappeared.
They wanted to keep it a secret, but a few days later, everyone had known it.
3. 过去完成时可表示对后来动作的影响，对比下面两组句子：
A) He had eaten something before taking dinner. (So he had no appetite at dinner.)
B) He ate something before taking dinner. (He might have his usual appetite at dinner.)
A) She felt better after she had taken a few days' rest. (Feeling better is the result of taking a few days' rest.)
B) She felt better after she took a few days' rest. (Feeling better may not be the result of taking a few days's rest.)
专项练习
单项选择
1.By the time he was twelve, Edison ______ to make a living by himself.
A. would begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun
2.That dinner was the most expensive meal we _______.
A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had
3.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he ______ at the party.
A. left; had arrived B. left; arrived C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived
4.When Jack arrived he learned Mary ______ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. has set off C. had left D. had been away
5. ---How long _______ each other before they ______ married? ---For about a year.
A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get
C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got
6.Helen ________ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _______ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come
下列各句中出现了时态使用错误，请指出并改正
1.When she was at the middle school, she often reads in the library.
2.When she got home, the children went to bed.
3.He said he didnt see his uncle for many years.
4.I didnt go to see the film because I saw it before.
5.The wind was still blowing, but the rain has stopped.
6.By the end of last term we learned about 1,500 English words.
7.Lu Xun had spoken to the youth about the study of the foreign language.
8.Yang Mei learned some English before she came to this school.
篇2：语法讲座之不定式
基本概念
1.不定式的构成
不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。
不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：
主动式 被动式
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
进行式 to be doing /
完成进行式 to have been doing /
1)不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。如：
They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。
2)不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。如：
She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.
我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.
对我来说，在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。
3)不定式的进行式
不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如：
Its nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，这些天一直帮我们。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地听老师讲课。
We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here. 我们没料到你一直在这儿等我们。
4)不定式的完成进行式
如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就需要用完成进行式。如：
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 据说他们已经在西藏工作了。
We are happy to have been helping each other these days.我们很高兴这些天能互相帮助。
5)动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。如：
Try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。
He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我们永远不要再见到她。
6)疑问词+动词不定式：
不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等动词后面作宾语，有时也可以充当主语、表语等。如：
On hearing the news, he didnt know whether to laugh or to cry.
听到这个消息，他不知道该哭还是该笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。
The most important problem is how to get so much money.
最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。
介词后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如：
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。
7)不定式的被动式：
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式，to be +过去分词和to have been +过去分词。这些形式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。如：
Its a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher. 对他来说，被老师责备是一件好事。
They seemed to be satisfied with the result. 他们似乎对结果很满意。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往农村工作。
She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.
她是会上最后一个被提到的人。
I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被听到。
We dont like our friends to be laughed at from time to time.我们不喜欢我们的朋友不时地被嘲笑。
2.不定式的语法作用
1)不定式作主语：
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。
To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。
在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式短语移到谓语之后，使句子显得平稳一些。如：
Its good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。
It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that. 听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。
2)不定式作表语：
The most important thing is to put theory into practice. 最重要的事情是把理论付诸实践。
The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。
3)不定式作宾语：
He wanted to know the truth. 他想知道真相。
I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg. 我宁愿被饿死也不愿乞讨。
He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it.
我问到他的时候，他假装读过这本书。
另外，不定式在某些复合宾语中作宾语时，人们常常用it代表不定式，而将真实宾语放在补足语之后。如：
Do you think it better to translate it in this way? 你认为这样翻译是不是更好？
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.
我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。
4)不定式作补语：
①不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语，这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。如：
I would like you to help me with my English exercises.我想请你帮我做英语练习。
I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon.我从来没想到鞋子这么快就穿破了。
注意：动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to。如：
Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 谁能帮我拎这个重箱子？
②在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式不带to。
I often hear her sing in the next room. 我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。
They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day.他们每天让孩子晚上7：00上床睡觉。
注意：get, leave等词也有“让”“叫”的意思，和使役动词意思相近，但它们后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要有to。如：
Ill get him to try it again.我将让他再试一次。
How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger? 你怎么让他跟一个陌生人一起吃晚饭？
注意：当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语补语，作主语补语的不定式必须加to。如：
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。
He is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。
③think, consider, believe, declare, suppose, find, imagine, know, understand, take, prove, feel等动词后面接的不定式短语作补语多由to be+形容词或名词构成，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。如：
When he woke up, she found herself (to be ) badly injured.她醒来的时候，发现自己受了重伤。
I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。
含有此类复合宾语的句子变成被动语态时，不定式同样被称之为主语补足语。如：
The young man was considered to have great promise.这个年轻人被认为大有前途。
The situation was found to be quite encouraging.形势看来很使人鼓舞。
④以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等构成谓语的句子中，动词不定式通常也可看作主语补语。如：
More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.
据报道，有20多个人死于事故。
I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car. 他被汽车撞的时候，我碰巧在和他谈话。
5)不定式作定语：
不定式在句中作定语通常放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后，以下几种情况常用不定式作定语：
①能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语，常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination等。如：
He hasnt kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。
My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable. 我想成为一个教师的愿望是可以理解的。
②常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以带不定式作定语，常见的有ability, anxiety, eagerness, ambition等。如：
His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious.他急切地想准时完成工作是很明显的。
We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well.
我们欣赏他能把一门外语说得这么好。
③序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。如：
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.他总是第一个来最后一个离开。
The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker.下一个出席会议的人是贝克先生。
④还有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。如：person, man, thing, something, anything, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity等。如：
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.
我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。
He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island.
他没有理由离开他的朋友独自住到岛上去。
⑤不定式作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词之间有意义上的动宾关系，如果该不定式动词是不及物动词，它后面需加上适当的介词。如：
There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。
There are many interesting books to choose from, but I dont know which to borrow. 有很多有趣的书可以挑选，但我不知道该借哪一本。
6) 不定式作状语：
不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。
① 不定式作目的状语，有时也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to结构。如：
In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.
为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏，妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。
He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.
今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。
注意：so as (not) to do不可以置于句首。
②不定式作结果状语，常见的结构有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。如：
The question is too difficult for me to answer. 对我来说，这个问题很难回答。
He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗？
He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。
注意：too…to通常表示太……而不……，但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。
She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。
He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。
③不定式作原因状语，通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。常见的形容词有：happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。如：
They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息，他们很惊讶。
We are proud to be young people of new China. 成为新中国的青年，我们感到很骄傲。
另外，hard, difficult, easy, fit，comfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。这时候，作句子主语的除了是表示人的词外，还可以是表示物的词。如：
The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。
The room is very comfortable to live in. 这个房间住起来很舒服。
注意：后两句中的不定式与句子的主语或宾语之间是动宾关系，此时如果不定式动词是不及物动词，则需要带上适当的介词。
3.不定式的复合结构
1)不定式复合结构的构成
不定式在使用时通常有自己的逻辑主语，一般可以是句子的主语或宾语，或者由物主代词暗示出来。如：
They plan to build a hotel. 他们计划建造一个酒店。
His father sent him abroad to study literature. 他父亲送他出国去学文学。
I could see her eagerness to go abroad. 我可以看出他急切地想出国。
但有时需要明确表示出不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者），此时一般用for/of +名词（代词）短语+不定式来构成不定式的复合结构。如：
Its expensive for people to use electricity for cooking.人们用电做饭是很昂贵的。
Its careless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯这样的错误真是粗心。
2)不定式复合结构的语法作用
不定式的复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。
①不定式的复合结构作主语、宾语，通常用it 作形式主语或形式宾语来代替不定式的复合结构。如：
Its necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. 货物很有必要用坚固的箱子打包。
They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness.他们认为我们要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。
②不定式的复合结构作表语、状语、定语。如：
Thats for you to decide. 那个由你来决定。
For the test to be passed, the students should work harder than before.为了能通过考试，学生们应该比以往更认真学习。
I have some books for you to read.我有几本书送给你读。
重点疑难
1.不定式不带to的规则：
前面我们已经谈到，在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时，不定式符号to常常省略，下面还有几种情况请大家注意：
① 动词原形come, go等在口语中可接不带to的不定式。如：
Go tell her. 去告诉他。
Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。
②在why引起的一些疑问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。如：
Why spend so much money? 为什么花这么多钱？
Why not let her have a try? 为什么不再让她试一试？
③在had better（还是……最好）, had best（最好，顶好）, would rather（宁可，宁愿）, would rather…than（宁可……而不……）, would sooner（宁可，宁愿）, would sooner…than（宁可……而不……）, cannot but（不得不，必然）, cannot choose but（只得）, cannot help but（不得不）等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。如：
Youd better listen to your teachers opinion. 你最好听一听老师的看法。
I would rather work than stay idle. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。
Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender.刘胡兰宁死不屈。
Ones world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.
一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。
④在介词but, except之前如有动词do的任一形式，其后的动词不定式不用to。如：
Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除了修理农具外，没有做其它的事情。
Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat.现在他只有认输。
如but 之前没有do，其后的不定式则一般要加to。如：
Im afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi.恐怕我们别无选择，只好乘出租车了。
They desired nothing but to succeed.他们只想成功。
⑤在出现并列的动词不定式时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号to可省略。如：
I really dont know what to say and do. 我真的不知道该说什么，该干什么。
Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？
但如果两个不定式有对比的意思，则不定式符号to不可被省去。如：
I came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是来夸你的，不是来骂你的。
The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易，而不是使生活更艰难。
2.动词不定式的省略问题：
上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语，下文中再遇到此动词的不定式结构时，往往要省略动词不定式，但通常省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号to，一般有下面几种情况：
①含有助动词或情态动词如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等+动词原形结构时：
---Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor? 你认为我应该去看医生吗？
---Yes, I think you ought to. 是的，我想你应该去。
She must go but you dont have to. 她必须走，但你没有必要。
②含有动词want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等+不定式作宾语结构时：
---Did you go to see the Great Wall? 你去看长城了吗？
---I wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本来想去的，但我太忙了。
You may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的话，你可以和他们一起去。
③含有动词如ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等+不定式做宾语补语或主语补语时：
Dont do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。
---May I use your car? 我可以用你的汽车吗？
---No, I forbid you to. 不，我禁止你使用。
④对话的答语中含有形容词如happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等+不定式作表语结构时：
---Will you lend me a hand? 你能帮我一个忙吗？
---Im willing to, but I cant now. 我很愿意，但我现在不行。
---Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow? 明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗？
---Ill be glad to. 我很乐意。
3.不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别：
动词不定式在句中究竟用主动还是被动，有时比较复杂。主要有下面几种情况：
①不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。如：
Have you got a key to unlock the door? 你有开门的钥匙吗？
②不定式做后置定语，和被修饰名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时，其后应加相应的介词。如：
Do you have anything to say on this question? 针对这个问题你还有什么要说的吗？
He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一个合作愉快的人。
③不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时要加相应的介词。如：
The fish is delicious to eat. 这鱼很好吃。
The chair is comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子坐起来很舒服。
④在There be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。如：
There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。
There is a lot of work to do. 有许多事情要做。（表示某人必须做这工作）
注意下面两个句子的含义：
There is a lot of work to be done. （强调有许多事情必须做。）
There is nothing to be done. （强调出了某事，现在没办法解决。）
4.for somebody to do和of somebody to do的用法区别：
句型“It is +形容词+for somebody+不定式”中的形容词通常强调不定式的行为属性，如：important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。
Its difficult for us to finish the work within two hours. 我们要在两小时之内完成工作是很难的。
Its reasonable for them to run away so quickly. 他们这么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。
“It is +形容词+of somebody+不定式”中的形容词表示人物性格和特征。如：kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。
Its kind of you to think so much of us. 难为你这么为我们着想。
Its silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket 这个男孩真傻，一直往篮子里倒水。
5.高中阶段能接不定式的常见动词：
能接不定式作宾语的常见动词有：want（想要）, like（喜欢）, wish（希望）, hate（憎恨，讨厌）, prefer（宁愿）, hope（希望）, fail（失败）, plan（计划）, refuse（拒绝）, ask（要求）,continue（继续），manage（设法）, try（尽力）, offer（提供）, start（开始）, begin（开始）, forget（忘记）, remember（记得）, promise（答应）, mean（打算）, pretend（假装）, intend（想，打算）, attempt（尝试，企图）, decide（决定）, learn（学会）, desire（渴望，请求）, agree（同意）, care（关心，喜欢）, choose（选择）, determine（下决心）, expect（期望）, afford（负担得起，买得起）等。
能接不定式做补语的常见的动词有：感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等；使役动词make, let, have 等；还有一般的动词如advise（建议）, allow（允许）, ask, beg（乞求）, command（命令，指挥）, tell（告诉）, invite（邀请）, force（强迫）, oblige（强迫）, get（致使）, help（帮助）, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage（鼓励）, persuade（说服）, permit（允许，许可）, remind（使想起，提醒）, request（请求，要求）, order（命令）, warn（警告，提醒）, cause（引起）等。
6.高中阶段常见的不定式短语：
高中阶段常见的一些不定式短语可以作谓语，如：be able to do（能，会）, be about to do（即将做……）, used to do（过去常常……）, be glad to do（乐意做……）, would like to do（想要做……）,be likely to do（很可能做……）, go all out to do something全力以赴,be supposed to do应该等。
高中阶段还有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可以称它们为插入语。如：to tell you the truth（说老实话），to be frank（坦率地说）, to begin with（首先）, to be brief（简言之）, to make a long story short（长话短说）, to be exact（精确地说）, to say nothing of（姑且不说），to conclude（总而言之）, to be sure（诚然、固然）， to do him justice（说句对他公道的话）,so to speak（可以这么说、打个譬喻说）等。
To tell you the truth, I hate him. 说老实话，我恨他。
To be frank, I dont agree with what you said. 坦率地说，我不同意你说的话。
专项练习
Ⅰ. 选择填空：
1. Ive heard him ______ about you often.
A. speak B. speaks C. spoke D. speaking
2. I went to see him, _______ him out.
A. finding B. find C. only to find D. to finding
3. He didnt know _______ or stay.
A. to leave B. if that he should leave C. if to leave D. whether to leave
4. ---Will the Smiths go abroad this summer?
---No, they finally decided _______ .
A. to B. not going C. not to D. not to be going
5. ---I usually go there by train. ---Why not _______ by boat for a change.
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
6. He pretended _______ nothing about it.
A. know B. to know C. knowing D. knew
7. Little Jim should love _______ to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
8. They would not allow him _______ across the enemy line.
A. to risk going B. risking to going C. for risk to go D. risk going
9. There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind _______ to buy.
A. what B. which C. how D. where
10. Charles Babbage is generally considered _______ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
11. The missing boys were last seen _______ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
12. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
13. I regret _______ you that we are unable to offer you employment.
A. informing B. having informed C. to inform D. to informing
14. You had better get a doctor _______ your bad tooth.
A. pull out B. to pull out C. pulled out D. pulling out
15. The matter had better _______ as it is.
A. leave B. being left C. leaving D. be left
16.He was so foolish _______ his car unlocked.
A. to leave B. that leave C. as to leave D. for him to leave
17. Almost everyone fails _______ the driving test on the first try.
A. passing B. to have passed C. to pass D. in passing
18. The girl was made _______ she didnt love at all.
A. marry a man B. to marry a man C. to marry with a man D. married with a man
19. The man will use what he has _______ a camera for his wife.
A. to get B. got C. buy D bought
20. To answer correctly is more important than _______ .
A. a quick finish B. to finish quickly C. finishing quickly D. you finish quick
21. Tom kept quiet about the accident _______ lose his job.
A. so as not to B. so not as to C. so as to not D. not so as to
22. I felt it an honor _______ to speak here.
A. to ask B. asking C. to be asked D. having asked
23. ---Id like to buy an expensive camera.
---Well, we have several models _______ .
A. to choose from B. to choose C. to be chosen D. for choice
24. _______ to the left and youll see the post office.
A. To turn B. Turning C. Turned D. Turn
25. Will you be able to attend the lecture next week?
A. giving B. given C. to be given D. being given
Ⅱ. 句子改错：
1. I dont know if to help him or not.
2. She cant help cleaning the house because shes busy making a cake.
3. We all hope you to make rapid progress.
4. The results of the research are to publish soon.
5. It is too heavy for me to lift it.
6. Its awfully good for you to come and meet us.
7. These are very good books for your children to be read.
8. He did what he could help me with my physics.
9. Lets find a place to put the things.
10. It would be easier to climb over the mountain than going round the valley.
I. 选择填空：
1---5 A C D C D 6---10 B A A B C
11---15 A C C B D 16---20 C C B A B
21---25 A C A D C
II.句子改错：
1.if →whether 2.cleaning →to clean 3.hope →wish
4.publish →be published 5.lift it →lift 6.for →of
7.be read →read 8.help →to help 9.things →things in
10.going →to go
篇3：语法讲座之倒装句
基本概念
1. 倒装句的定义
英语最基本的词序是主语在谓语动词的前面。如果把谓语动词放在主语前面，就叫做倒装。
2. 倒装句的构成
a) 完全倒装
将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，称之为完全倒装。例如：
Are you from here? 你是本地人吗？
Now comes the chance. 机会来了。
b) 部分倒装
只将助动词、系动词或情态动词移至主语之前，谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面，称之为部分倒装。例如：
Has he come? 他来了吗？
Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我们难得像在这里这么舒服。
Only in this way can we do the work better. 只有这样我们才能把工作做得更好。
3. 倒装的原因
a) 句子语法结构的需要。例如：
Did you attend the meeting? 你参加会议了吗？
Long live peace! 和平万岁！
b) 一些句型的固定用法。例如：
Such were his last words. 他最后的话就是这样。
c）强调的需要。倒装以后，句子更加流畅生动。例如：
Never before have we seen such a sight. 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。
Before us lay a lot of difficulties. 在我们前面有很多困难。
Often did we warn them not to do so. 我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做。
4. 倒装句的基本用法
a) 构成疑问句（除对主语或主语之定语提问的特殊疑问句外）：
When are we going to drink to your happiness? 我们什么时候喝你们的喜酒?
Have you seen the film? 你看了那部电影吗?
b) 在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中:
Away went the crowd one by one. 人们一个一个地离去。
Here comes our teacher! 我们的老师来了！
c) 副词only+状语放在句首时:
Only then did he realize his mistakes . 只有在那时他才认识到自己的错误。
Only in this way can you learn maths well . 只有用这种方法你才能学好数学。
d) 含有否定意义的副词或连词（如little, hardly, never, rarely, no sooner…than等）放在句首时:
Little did I think that he could be back alive. 我没有想到他竟能活着回来。
Not until New Years Day shall I give you a gift. 我要到元旦那天才能给你礼物。
Hardly had the train arrived at the station when we ran towards the sleeping car looking for our guests. 火车刚一进站，我们就跑到卧车那儿去找我们的客人。
e) 副词so或 neither(nor)在句首:
He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I.他对流行歌曲感兴趣，我也如此。
He hasnt been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there.他没有去过农村，他也不想去那里。
f) 在方式状语thus开头的句子中及程度状语so放句首:
Thus ended his life. 这样结束了他的生命。
So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him . 他讲话的声音那样大，连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。
So small were the words that he could hardly see them. 字那么小，他几乎看不见。
重点疑难
1. 在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中，如果主语是人称代词，主语和谓语不须倒装。例如：
There he comes. 他来了。
Away they hurried. 他们急忙走开了。
2. so作“也”讲时，引导的句子用倒装语序，例如：
He went to the film last night. So did I. 他昨天晚上去看电影了，我也去了。
如不作“也”讲而只起连词作用，表示一种结果的意思，句子就要用正常语序。例如：
His mother told him to go to the film. So he did. 他母亲叫他去看电影，他就去了。
“He is a tall thin man.” “So he is.” “他又高又瘦。” “确实如此。”
3. 某些让步状语从句往往把表语提到主语前面或放在句首，以构成倒装结构。例如：
No matter how interesting the book is，he doesn't like to read it．不管这本书多有趣，他都不想看。
However hard a solid may be，we can change its shape. 不管一个固体有多硬，我们都可以改变其形状。
Young as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他年轻，却知道很多东西。
4. 在虚拟语气中，如果非真实条件句省略if，须将主句中的were, had和should等助动词和主语颠倒形成部分倒装。例如：
Were he younger (= If he were younger), he would learn skating. 假如他年轻一些，他就会去学溜冰。
Should they forget (= If they should forget) to bring a map with them, they would get lost in the woods. 如果他们忘记带一张地图的话，他们就会在深林里迷路。
Had they realized (= If they had realized) how important the task was, they wouldnt have refused to accept it. 假如他们认识到这个任务是多么重要的话，他们就不致于拒绝接受这项任务。
专项练习
I．单项选择 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案：
1. My brother had a cold last week, _________.
A. so had I B. so did I
C. I had so D. so I had
2. Not until _________ home __________ his parents had been ill for three days.
A. he got; he knew B. did he get; he knew
C. he got; did he know D. did he get; did he know
3. In hardly any situation ________ find her sad.
A. that you can B. that can you
C. you can D. can you
4. Be quick! _________.
A. The bus comes here B. Here comes the bus
C. The bus here comes D. Here is the bus coming
5. In ________ and the lesson began.
A. the teacher came B. the teacher coming
C. came the teacher D. did the teacher come
6. On the wall _________ two large portraits.
A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. hanging
7. --- Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?
--- I dont know, _________.
A. nor dont I care B. nor do I care
C. I dont care neither D. neither dont I care
8. Only when _________ how important it is to master English.
A. did I work I realized B. I worked did I realize
C. did I work did I realize D. I worked I realized
9. _______ in the darkness that he did not dare to move an inch.
A. So frightened he was B. So frightened was he
C. He was frightened so D. So he was frightened
10. _______, she is still as strong as you.
A. As old she is B. Old as she is
C. As she is old D. As old is she
II．句型转换 改写下列各句，把黑体的副词放在句首，并使主、谓语倒装：
1. I have never heard a speech as exciting as this.
2. The mark was so small that I could hardly see it.
3. I hardly turned off the light when my brother came in.
4. It has at no time been more difficult for us to pass the examination.
5. We can succeed only in this way.
6. He did not speak a word at the meeting.
7. Mary not only complained about the food, but also refused to pay for it.
8. She had no sooner begun to speak than I sensed that something was wrong.
9. Mike has helped me with my English many a time.
10.There was a sudden gust of wind and his hat went away.
答案：I. BCDBC BBBBB
II. 1. Never have I heard a speech as exciting as this.
2. So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
3. Hardly did I turn off the light when my mother came in.
4. At no time has it been more difficult for us to pass the examination.
5. Only in this way can we succeed.
6. Not a word did he speak at the meeting.
7. Not only did Mary complain about the food, but also refused to pay for it.
8. No sooner had she begun to speak than I sensed that something was wrong.
9. Many a time has Mike helped me with my English.
10. There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.
篇4：语法讲座之it用法
基本概念
it可用作人称代词、指示代词、先行词及引导词等。
1． 人称代词，是第三人称单数中性，代表前文已提到过的一件事物。如：
1）That vase is valuable. Its more than 200 years old. 那个花瓶很珍贵，它有200多年的历史。
2）I love swimming. It keeps me fit. 我喜欢游泳，它能使我保持健康。
当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时，也可用it来表示。 如：
3）Its a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? 宝宝真可爱，是男孩还是女孩？
it可用来指代团体。如：
4）The committee has met and it has rejected the proposal. 委员会已开过会，拒绝了这项建议。
it用以代替指示代词this, that.如：
5）--- Whats this? --- Its a pen. -这是什么？ -是一支钢笔。
6）--- Whose book is that? --- Its Mikes. -那是谁的书？ -是迈克的。
2． 指示代词it，常用以指人。如：
7）Go and see who it is. 去看看是谁。
8）--- Who is making such a noise? -一是谁发出这样的吵闹声？
--- It must be the children. -一定是孩子们。
3． 虚义it无指代性，常用作没有具体意义的主语，出现于表示天气、气候、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。如：
9）It is half past three now. 现在是三点半钟。
10）It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here. 这里离最近的医院也有六英里。
11）It was very cold; it snowed and grew dark. 天气很冷；天下着雪，渐渐地变黑了。
it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。如：
12）Its awful-Ive got so much work I dont know where to start. 糟透了--我有这么多工作要做我不知从何开始。
13）How is it going with you? 你近况如何？
14）Take it easy. 不要紧张。
it也常用于下列结构：
15）It looks as if the college is very small. 看起来这个学院很小。
16）It seems as though our plan will be perfect. 似乎我们的计划很完善。
17）Its my turn. 该轮到我了。
it也常用于某些习惯用语中作宾语，各该习惯用语有具体意义，但it并无具体意义。如：
cab it 乘车 catch it 受责，受罚 come it 尽自己分内 come it strong 做得过分 walk it 步行
make it 办成 take it out of somebody 拿某人出气
4． 先行词it.
it充当形式主语或形式宾语，本身无意义，只起一种先行引导的作用，先行词不重读。后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、-ing分词结构或名词性从句。
（1）用作形式主语
18）It is difficult to translate this article. 翻译这篇文章很难。
19）It is getting harder every day for a lazy man to get a living. 懒汉谋生是日益困难了。
20）What time would it be most convenient for me to call again?什么时候我再给你打电话最合适？
21）It is no use going there so early. 这么早去那里没有用。
22）It has been a great honour your coming to visit me. 你的来访是我很大的荣幸。
23）It is strange that he did not come at all. 真奇怪，他竟还没来。
24）It doesnt matter what you do.什么都没关系。
在上述诸例中，后置的真正主语可以取代先行it的位置，而出现于句首。
To translate this article is difficult.
Going there so early is no use.
That he did not come at all is strange.
上述结构远不如用先行it结构普通。此外，也并非所有先行it结构都可作上述转换。如：
25）It seems that John is not coming after all. 似乎约翰终竟不来。
26）It happened that John was the only witness. 碰巧约翰是唯一的证人。
上述两例只能转换为：
John doesnt seem to be coming after all.
John happened to be the only witness.
（2）用作形式宾语
27）I found it difficult to explain to him what happened. 我觉得向他解释清发生了什么事很困难。
28）He thought it no use going over the subject again. 他认为再讨论这个问题没有用了。
29）They kept it quiet that he was dead. 他们对他的死保密。
30）We must make it clear to the public that something should be done to stop pollution.
我们必须使公众明白应该采取措施制止污染。
5． 分裂句引导词it.
分裂句是以it为引导词的强调句型。它的结构形式是：It+be的一定形式+中心成分+that-/who-从句。如：
31）It was Jane that/who called this morning. 是珍妮今天上午打来电话。
32）It was a parcel that she brought him. 她带给他的是一个包裹。
分裂句是由普通陈述句转换而来的。通过这种结构可以强调除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分。如：
33）John gave Mary a handbag at Christmas. 约翰在圣诞节给了玛丽一个提包。
根据上下文和语义意图，说话人可以通过分裂句分别强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语、状语，使之成为信息中心。
34）It was John that/who gave Mary a handbag at Christmas. 是约翰在圣诞节给了玛丽一个提包。
35）It was Mary that John gave a handbag (to) at Christmas. 约翰在圣诞节是给玛丽提包的。
36）It was a handbag that John gave Mary at Christmas. 约翰在圣诞节给玛丽的是一个提包。
37）It was at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag. 是在圣诞节约翰给了玛丽一个提包。
分裂句的时态一般应一致，即主句与从句的时态应皆用现在时，或皆用过去时，或皆用将来时。如：
38）It is not I who am angry. 发怒的不是我。
39）It was my two sisters who knew her best. 是我的两个姐妹最了解她。
40）It will not be you who will have to take the blame for this. 对此须受责难的将不是你。
有时分裂句的谓语动词还可以采取复杂形式。如：
41）It may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag. 可能是在圣诞节约翰给玛丽一个提包。
42）It might have been John who gave Mary a handbag. 很可能是约翰给了玛丽一个提包。
分裂句可以强调多种多样的状语成分。如：
43）It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang. 是在她即将上床睡觉时电话铃响了。
44）It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday. 我昨天是由于想买一本词典而进城的。
45）It was not until his father came back that Tom went to bed yesterday. 昨天汤姆是直到他父亲回来才上床睡觉的。（注意句中not的位置）
主语补语通常不可以用作分裂句的中心成分，如在规范英语中通常不说：
It is beautiful that she is.
It is chairman of the Committee that he is.
但是宾语补语是可以这样用的。如：
46）It is the chairman of the committee that they elected him. 他们选他是作委员会主席。
47）It is green that they have painted the wall. 他们把墙壁漆的是绿色。
注：（1）当强调的中心成分为主语，指人时可用连词that或who，如上述例（31）、（34）、（38），强调其余的成分时，连词一律用that。
（2）分裂句中的that与who在非正式文体中可以省略，如：
48）It was the President himself spoke to me. 是总统亲自和我谈了话。（省去从句主语who）
49）It was the dog I gave the water to. 我是给那条狗水的。（省去从句的宾语that）
50）It was yesterday I first noticed it. 我是昨天开始注意到的。（省去从句连词that）
有时还可省去句首的it is，如：
51）A good, honest trade you are learning, Sir Peter! 彼得爵士，你学得是一种很好而诚实的一行啊！
（3）分裂句中的被强调部分有时可放在句首，如：
52）Now was it that his life was done, and the fate which he could not escape was upon him.
就在这时，他的生命完结了，他所逃不脱的命运降临了。
53）When was it that he arrived at the village? 是何时他到达了这个村子？
54）Why was it that he was late for school? 他是为什么上学迟到的？
重点疑难
1．分裂句引导词it与先行词it的区别：
比较：
55）It is surprising that Mary should have won the first place. 玛丽本应获得第一名，真令人吃惊！（先行词it）
56）It is Mary that has won the first place. 是玛丽获得了第一名。（分裂句引导词it）
2．虚义it与分裂句引导词it的区别：
比较：
57）It was three oclock in the morning when his father came back.（虚义it指时间） 他父亲回来时是凌晨3点。
58）It was at three oclock in the morning that his father came back. （分裂句引导词it） 他父亲是在凌晨3点回来的。
3．分裂句中that/who- 从句与that/who引导的定语从句之区别。 比较：
59）It is money that is most needed.（分裂句中的that-从句） 最需要的是钱。
60）This is the money that is most needed.（that引导定语从句） 这就是最需要的钱。
61）It is Mary who has broken the glass.. （分裂句中的who-从句） 是玛丽打破了玻璃杯。
62）Mary is the girl who has won the first place.（who引导定语从句） 玛丽是获得第一名的姑娘。
区别方法：如将句型It is/was… that结构去掉，而句子能还原成普通陈述句，则该句是分裂句，否则不是。如（56）例去掉It is …that 则变成： Mary has won the first place. 玛丽获得了第一名。
（58）例变成：His father came back at three oclock in the morning. 他父亲在凌晨3点回来。
（59）例变成：Money is most needed. 钱是最需要的。
（61）例变成：Mary has broken the glass. 玛丽打破了玻璃杯。
4．“拟似”分裂句
如前所述，一般分裂句是不可以用简单陈述句的谓语动词作为中心成分的。如果要强调谓语动词，就得采用另外一种强调句型，这种句型又叫做“拟似”分裂句。如：
63）I gave her a book. What I did was (to) give her a look. 我所做的是给她一本书。
64）He took a plane to Beijing. What he did was (to) take a plane to Beijing. 他所做的是乘飞机去北京。
65）The student is going to write an article. What the student is going to do is(to) write an article.
这个学生要做的是写一篇文章。
“拟似”分裂句的主语通常是由what引导的名词性从句，从句的主动词通常是do的一定形式；这种分裂句的主语补语通常是不定式结构，可带to，也可不带to，它构成“拟似”分裂句的信息中心。
“拟似”分裂句还可采取另外一种形式，即“what-从句+be+名词词组”的形式，如：
66）What he gave her was a handbag. 他所给她的是个提包。
也可采取“名词词组+be+what-从句”的形式
67）A handbag was what he gave her. 提包就是他所给她的。
专项练习
1．用先行词it改写下列句子：
（1）Possibly the Joneses will come to the party as well.
（2）Whether they will come or not doesnt matter very much.
（3）He is quite likely to let you down.
（4）You seem to have taken a dislike to him.
（5）I happen to have had some nasty experiences in dealing with him.
（6）Getting the car on the boat was rather complicated.
（7）To be with you here this evening is a great pleasure.
（8）You were so kind to invite us.
（9）What you say does not matter in the least.
（10）How he came to have such a valuable painting is a mystery.
2．翻译下列句子：
（1）冬天，天色晚得早。
（2）问她没有用，她什么也不知道。
（3）从这儿到车站有两英里（路程）。
（4）你见过下冰雹吗？
（5）由你来决定该怎么办？
（6）据说他已去过美国两次了。
（7）可惜你错过了那次音乐会。
（8）看来，他很害怕。
（9）牛奶已经泼翻，哭也无用。（即：作无益的后悔无济于事。）
（10）几个月之后我们才又见面。
3．用强调句型改写下列句子。（划线部分为中心成分）
（1）She has been studying French only for three months.
（2）He has painted the windows green.
（3）John bought the car from Henry.
（4）I met Henry in New York.
（5）He didnt come home until 11 oclock last night.
翻译句子答案：
（1）It is getting dark earlier in winter.
（2）It is no use asking her because she didnt know anything about it.
（3）Its two miles from here to the bus station.
（4）Have you seen it hailing?
（5）It is up to you decide what to do.
（6）It is said that he has been to the U.S.A. twice.
（7）Its a pity that youve missed the concert.
（8）It seems that he is much afraid.
（9）Its no use crying over spilt milk.
（10）It was several months before we met again.
篇5：语法讲座之省略句
基本概念
1. 省略句的定义
省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种十分普遍的现象。
2. 小品词的省略
（1）省略介词
He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons. 他花了四个小时复习功课。
Ive studied Eng1ish (for) five years.我已学五年英语了。
（2）省略连词that
I believe (that) you will succeed． 我相信你们会成功的。
Its a pity (that) hes leaving. 他要走，真遗憾。
Im sure (that) she will help you. 我肯定她会帮你的。
（3）省略关系代词
Ill give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你。
He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看过我昨天买的书了。
3. 句子成分的省略
（1）省略主语
Beg your pardon. （我）请你原谅。（Beg前省略了主语I）
Take care! 当心！（Take前省略了主语you）
Looks as if it will rain. 看起来象要下雨。（Looks前省略了主语it）
（2）省略谓语
Who next? 该谁了？（Who后面省略了谓语comes）
The river was deep and the ice thin. （ice后面省略了was）
Well do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。（can后面省略了动词do）
（3）省略表语
Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗？ 我准备好了。（am后面省略了ready）
He was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth. 他还是象年轻时那样，是一位运动爱好者。（had been后面省略了a lover of sports）
（4）省略宾语
Lets do the dishes. Ill wash and youll dry. 让我们洗碗吧，我来洗，你来揩干。（wash和dry后面省略了宾语dishes）
（5）省略定语
He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 那钱他花了部分，其余的他都存了起来。（the rest后面省略了定语of the money）
（6）省略状语
He was not hurt. Strange! 他没有受伤，真奇怪！（Strange前面省略了状语how）
重点疑难
1. 省略句可同时省掉句子几个成份
What exciting news! (= What exciting news it is!) 多么令人激动的消息啊！
Pity hes failed. (= It is a pity that hes failed.) 很遗憾，他失败了。
I like him more than her. (= I like him more than I like her.) 我喜欢他更甚于喜欢她。
2. 英语中有一些固定的省略结构：
a) 在以if, when, though, as if（好象）等连词引导的从句中，如从句中的主要动词是be ，常将主语和动词be 省略。
If necessary, we shall send a telegram home. 如有必要，我们就往家里打电报。
Whenever possible, he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我。
While cycling, dont forget the traffic lights. 骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。
b) 由固定词组引导的疑问句：
What about having a game of chess? 下盘棋怎么样？
How come they left you alone here? 他们怎么会把你一人留在这里呢？
What if its raining? 如果天下雨怎么办？
Why not try again? 为什么不再试试呢？
c) 在口语中，为了避免重复，不定式可以省去和句子前部重复的动词原形而只留下不定式符号to。
He may leave if he wishes to. 他可以走，如果他愿意的话。
Dont go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。
3. 被省略的部分一般可以在句子中补上，但有时省略结构已经定型，如果把省略部分补上，反而不合乎习惯。
He is taller than I am. 他比我高。（am之后省略tall，补上不合习惯）
No parking. 禁止停车。（告示用语 = No parking is allowed here.）
有一些习惯表达很难补上所省略的部分：
Not at all. 不用谢。
No matter. 不要紧。
Thanks. 谢谢。
专项练习
I. 改写句子 使用省略手段避免下面各句重复与冗赘:
1. Someone has used my mobile phone, but I dont know who has used it.
2. John worked hard but his brother did not work hard.
3. I have lazy students and hardworking students in my class.
4. --- Has he ever been abroad?
--- No, he has never been abroad.
5. If it is necessary, we will finish it ahead of time.
6. You must not be late and you must not be absent.
7. Give me your name and address, please.
8. It is well done.
9. Mother can take a rest, Mother should take a rest but Mother wont take a rest after long hours of work.
10.He could answer the questions very well if he would answer the questions but he didnt answer the questions.
II. 单项选择 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案：
1. --- I wont do it any more. --- ________?
A. Why dont B. Why dont do it any more
C. Why not D. Why not to
2. Although ________ to stop, he kept on working.
A. tell B. telling C. having told D. told
3. --- Will you waste your time and money on that? --- Certainly ________.
A. I not B. dont C. not D. no
4. --- Mary didnt attend the lecture, did she? --- Yes, she ________.
A. attended B. didnt attend C. didnt D. did
5. --- Whats Joan doing?
--- _________ newspapers in the room.
A. She reading B. She reads
C. To read D. Reading
6. _________ always succeed.
A.Honest and clever students B.Students who honest and clever
C.Honest students and clever D.Students are honest and clever
7. --- Can you climb that tree, my boy? --- __________ ?
A. I B. Myself C. Mine D. Me
8. Some people are against the plan but _______ support it.
A. any more B. many more C. much more D. no more
9. --- Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
--- Not at all. _________.
A. Ive no time B. Id rather not C. Id like to D. Id be happy to
10. --- Why not go and have dinner in a restaurant? --- _________. Its too expensive.
A. Why not B. I agree C. Im afraid not D. Im sure
答案：CDCDD ADBDC
篇6：语法讲座之被动语态
基本概念
(I)被动语态的概念
??? 语态也是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，如：People grew rice in this area some years ago.被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，如：A new swimming pool will be built on our school.
(II)被动语态的构成
??? 被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称，数，时态和语气的不同而变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下：
1.一般现在时 am/is/are+V(p.p)
人们利用电能运转机器。People use electricity to run machines.? Electricity is used to run machines.
Is electricity used to run machines? Yes, it is . / No, it isnt.
2.一般过去时 was/were + V(p.p)
昨天我们在山坡上种了许多树。We planted many trees on the hill yesterday.
Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday.
Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday? Yes, they were. / No, they were not.
3.一般将来时 will/shall +be+V(p.p)
下星期我们将举行一场运动会。We will hold a sports meeting next week.
A sports meeting will be held next week.
Will a sports meeting be held next week? Yes, it will. / No, it wont.
4.过去将来时 should/would +be+V(p.p)
他告诉我们人们将在他家乡建一个大水坝。He told us that people would build a big reservoir in his
? hometown.
We were told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown.
Were you told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown? Yes, we were./No, we werent.
5.现在进行时 am/is/are +being+V(p.p)
? 他正在油漆房子。He is painting the house.? A house is being painted.
Is the house being painted? Yes, it is. / No, it isnt .
6.过去进行时 was/were +being+V(p.p)
当我进厨房时，她正在做蛋糕。She was making a cake when I came into the kitchen.
A cake was being made when I came into the kitchen.
Was a cake being made when I came into the kitchen? Yes, it was./ No, it wasnt.
7.现在完成时 have/has +been+V(p.p)
他已经结束工作了。He has finished his work. His work has been finished.
Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasnt.
8.过去完成时 had +been+V(p.p)
到上个月为止，他们已经把这本书翻译成了英语。
They had translated the book into English by the end of last month.
The book had been translated into English by the end of last month.
Had the book been translated into English by the end of last month? Yes, it had./ No, it hadnt.
9.将来完成时will have +been+V(p.p)
The students will have learned 2,000 words by the end of next year.
2,000 words will have been learned by the end of next year.
Will 2,000 words have been learned by the end of next year? Yes, they will./No, they wont.
10. 过去将来完成时would have +been+V(p.p)
He told me that Mr. Brown would have taught them for two years by the next summer.
I was told that they would have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by the next summer.
注：1.含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+be+V(p.p)”构成。如：
You must operate the machine with care. The machine must be operated with care.
Must the machine be operated with care? Yes, it must. / No, it mustnt.
2.含有“be going to”, “be to”等结构的谓语，变成被动语态时，分别用“be going to +be +V(p.p)”和“be to
? +be+V(p.p)”。如：
We are going to discuss the problem at the meeting.
The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.
Is the problem going to be discussed at the meeting? Yes, it is. / No, it isnt.
3.被动语态除常用be加过去分词构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中。如：
The boy got hurt when he was riding to school.
4.被动语态没有完成进行时态，也没有将来进行时态，如果要将这些时态的主动结构变为被动结构，可以用完成时态或一般将来时态来表示。如：
他已被检查过了。He had been being examined.
通常用He has been examined.来代替。
当我们到那儿时他将正被检查。He will be being examined when we get there.通常用He will be examined when we get there.
(III)被动语态的几种句型
将主动语态转换成被动语态，通常分以下四步进行：
1.将主动语态中的宾语转换成被动语态的主语。
2.将主动语态中的动词改为“be+V(p.p)”
3.原来主动语态中的主语，如果需要，放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现，如没有必要，可以省略。
4.主动语态中的其他句子成分不变。
由于主动语态结构的不同，因而转换成被动语态的方式也各有不同，现分类说明如下：
a.由及物动词形成的被动语态：
(1)S+V+O 主语+动词+宾语
People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown in the south.
注：带有宾语从句的句子转换成被动语态时，需要将宾语从句变为主语从句，通常用形式主语来代替，而将主语从句后置。
They said that he would come back soon. It was said that he would come back soon.类似的还有：
It is reported / believed /hoped /supposed that ……
(2)S+V+O+C 主语+动词+宾语+宾补
We elected Li Ming monitor of our class. Li Ming was elected monitor of our class.
注：在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾补变为被动结构时应加上to作主语补足语。
奴隶们被奴隶主强迫整日整夜工作。Slave-owners made slaves work all day and all night.
Slaves were made to work all day and all night by slave-owners.
(3)S+V+Oi+Od 主语+动词+间宾+直宾
昨天他给了我一件漂亮的生日卡。He gave me a beautiful birthday card yesterday. I was given a beautiful birthday card yesterday.
A beautiful birthday card was given to me yesterday.
注：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词。如：to, for, of等，以加强间接宾语的语气。
b.由动词短语形成的被动语态：
??? 一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，就可以形成被动语态。
约翰打开了收音机。John turned on the radio. The radio was turned on.
奶奶照看我姐姐。Grandma takes care of my sister. My sister is taken care of by Grandma.
注：千万不要遗漏介词或副词。
c.祈使句的被动语态通常借助let句式
请把窗户关上。Please close the window.? Let the window be closed.
(IV)被动语态的使用时机
被动语态的使用往往不是任意的，而是按照表达思想，描述事物的需要，通常在下列情况下使用被动语态。
1.不知道或不必说出动作的执行者。
这本书已被翻译成许多种语言。This book has been translated into many languages.
2.动作的对象是谈话的中心。
我们家乡将建一条新铁路。A new railway will be built in our hometown.
3.修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练匀称：
他出现在舞台上受到了观众的热烈欢迎。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
注：被动语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章，新闻报道，书刊介绍及景物描写。
重点疑难
(I)被动语态与系表结构的区别：
所谓系表结构，在此指“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。
1.被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by+人或by+抽象名词表动作的执行者，而后者则一般用by+物或不用。如：The tree was uprooted by the wind.（被动结构）那棵树被风连根拔起。
The tree was uprooted when we saw it.（系表结构）当我们看到那棵树时，它已经被连根拔起了。
2.系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时这四种时态；而被动语态除了不用于完成时态外，可用于其它任何时态。
The composition has been written.这篇作文已写完了。（系表结构）
The composition is being written.这篇作文正在写。（被动语态）
3.系表结构中的过去分词可被very修饰，被动语态中的过去分词须用much修饰。
He was very agitated.他很激动。（系表结构）
He was much agitated by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。（被动结构）
4.be+不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构，如：be gone, be learned, be ashamed这些动词通常是表示状态，智力活动或心态的动词。
be+延续性动词的过去分词通常是被动语态，如：be loved, be encouraged, be praised 等。
(II)主动形式表被动意义
在下列情况中，谓语形式是主动的，但具有被动的含义。
1.转化为系动词的感官动词+表语
The food tastes delicious.这种食物尝起来很可口。
The idea sounds good.这个主意听起来不错。
2.有少数及物动词转化而来的不及物动词，常见的有：cut, lock, open, read, sell, shut, wash,wear, write等。此时句子的主语一般是物，而且这些动词常和表示行为的状语，如：well, easily或与否定词连用构成否定句。如：
The apples sell well.这些苹果很好卖。
The door wont shut.这门关不上。
注：含有这类动词的句子也可写成被动语态的句子，但含义不同。主动语态表示现状，被动语态则侧重某一动作的发生。
The clothes wash well.这些衣服很好洗。
The clothes arent well washed.这些衣服没好好洗。
3. 某些动词以物作主语时，其进行时也可表被动意义。
The dinner is cooking. 正在烧饭。
The book is printing.书正在印刷中。
4.一些固定句型表示被动含义
a. be worth doing sth
The film is well worth seeing.这部电影很值得一看。
b. have/ get sb/sth done? ?have作使役动词没有被动语态，但可用这种结构表被动或使役。
I had my watch stolen.我的手表被偷了。
c. sth need/want/require doing=sth need /want/require to be done
The room needs cleaning.=The room needs to be cleaned.这间房屋需要打扫。
d. to be under/in +抽象名词
The railway is under construction.这条铁路正在被修建。
e.一些不定式
（1）There be……?
There are a lot of things to do.有许多工作要做。
(2)不定式修饰want, have等动词的宾语，且句子主语是不定式动作的执行者。
I have a lot of things to do.我有许多事情要做。
(3)动词不定式前有表性质的形容词，且动词不定式中的动词与句子主语有动宾关系。
The question is easy to answer.这个问题很容易回答。
(4)当不定式修饰buy, get, give等动词的直接宾语，而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时
I bought him a story-book to read.我给他买了本故事书看看。
(5)在 “This(that) is +名词”的句型中，修饰表语的不定式用主动形式表被动。
This is a hard question to answer.这是个很难回答的问题。
(III)主动语态不能改成被动语态的情况
1.有些动词虽是及物动词，但由于表示的是状态或关系，通常不用于被动语态，常见的这类动词有leave, enter, reach, resemble, suit, lack, benefit等。
这男孩像他爸爸。The boy resembles his father.
2.不可拆开的短语动词如：take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等短语动词。
台湾属于中国。Taiwan Island belongs to China.
3.宾语是a.反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，动名词等。
b.虚词it,如foot it, cab it等。
c.身体的某一部分如shake ones head等。
d.某些抽象名词等，如：interest等。
专项练习
I. Multiple choice
1. No permission has ___ for anybody to enter the building.(MET 88)
? A. been given B. given C. to give D. be giving
2. I ___ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.(MET 89)
? A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given
3. The police found that the house ___ and a lot of things ___.(MET90)
? A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen
? C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen
4. ---Have you moved into the new house?
? --- Not yet, the rooms ___.(MET 91)
? A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painted
5. As we joined the big crowd I got ___ from my friends.(NMET )
? A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed
6. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ___ by the hour.(NMET 98)
? A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
7. Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___.
? A. have been taken place, have been set up
B. have taken place, have been set up
C. have taken place, have set up
D. were taken place, were set up
8. The suits finished, ___ it?
? A. doesnt B. isnt C. hasnt D. has
9. The surface of the table ___ smooth enough.
? A. hasnt felt B. doesnt feel C. isnt feeling D. isnt felt
10. Such plants never ___ in this part of the world.
?? A. have grown B. are growing C. grow D. are grown
11. These kinds of shoes ___ well.
? A. were not sold B. wont be sold C. are not sold D. dont sell
12. Text books ___ to come in time.
? A. require B. required C. are required D. are requiring
13. When the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners ___.
? A. had seated B. were seated C. seated D. were seating
14. Dont get that ink on your shirt, for it ___.
? A. wont wash out B. wont be washing C. isnt washing out D. doesnt wash out
15. Tom ___ to work in the office though he didnt like serving there.
? A. wanted B. was wanted C. was wanting D. had wanted
16. He said he wouldnt mind ___ at home.
? A. leaving alone B. being left alone C. to be left lonely D. to leave alone
17. Tom was said to ___ Mary for 40 years.
? A. have been married to B. have married with
C. has bee n married D. had married with
18. The TV play ___ last night.
? A. was tired out me B. tired out me C. was tired me out D. tired me out
19. I remember ___ for the job, but I forget the exact amount.
? A. to be paid B. being paid C. to pay D. paying
20. In front of the hall color flags were ___.
? A. hunged B. hanged C. hang D. hanging
?Answers:1-5 ABDAA 6-10 CBBBC 11-15 DCBAB 16-20 BADBD
二 翻译下列句子
1．据说她能讲几种外国语。
2．城里的大部分街道都拓宽了。
3．我们不太可能被邀请参加这个聚会。
4．他应该为他做的是受到惩罚。
5．这些书是为儿童写的吗？
6．这本书在他的学校里正在被用作教科书。
7．更多的人将被派到那儿去帮助工作。
篇7：语法讲座之现在完成时
基本概念
1. 现在完成时的定义
现在完成时通常是指过去某一动作对现在的影响或过去某一动作持续到现在（可能要继续下去）
2. 现在完成时的构成
现在完成时是由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成的
3. 现在完成时的基本句型
肯定式 疑问式
否定式
I have worked Have I worked? I have not worked
I havent worked
He /She/It has worked Has he/she/it worked? He /She / It has not worked
He / She / It hasnt worked
We have worked Have we worked? We have not worked
We havent worked
You have worked Have you worked? You have not worked
You havent worked
They have worked Have they worked? They have not worked
They havent worked
4. 现在完成时的基本用法
a. 现在完成时可表示过去发生的动作对现在所产生的影响，后面通常不用时间状语，但句中常出现already, just, yet等副词。如：
Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。
Ive just finished reading the novel.我刚刚读完这本小说。
Have you seen the doctor yet?你看过医生了吗？
注：already和yet用法上的区别
already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，常用于句末。但already有时也可用语疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。如：
b. 现在完成时也可表示从过去某时开始的动作，状态一直持续到现在，常和for, since引导的时间状语连用。如：
I have learned English for 5 years.
He lived in Beijing since he was born.
注：(1) for和since引导的时间状语的区别: for + 一段时间, since + 一点时间 从句（从句中常用一般过去时）
(2)表示继续的现在完成时也可和lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past(last) few years……, this week (month, year……), all day, all this week等时间状语连用。如：
Tom has had a toothache all day.
I havent heard from him recently.
(3)现在完成时也可表示从过去到现在曾经经历过或做过的事情，常和often, ever, never, before, once, …times等时间状语连用。如：
Ive never been to Beijing.我从没去过北京。
He has read this book before.他以前读过这本书。
重点疑难
1. 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
(1)两者都可表示过去发生过的动作，但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响，而后者则是表示过去动作的事实。
(2)两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作，现在完成时含义为该动作仍在继续，而一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。如：
He has lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年了。（动作仍在继续）
He lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年。（动作已结束）
2. 点动词与延续性动词的区别
所谓点动词是指含有终止或短暂意义的动词。如：begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive, join, marry等动词。它们通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：
I have bought a book.我买了一本书。
Ive had this book for three weeks.这本书我已经买了三星期了。
某些非延续性动词可以与since连用，表示重复的动作或状态。如：
I have met her often since I moved here.
They have gone fishing five times since last spring.
有些非延续性动词现在完成时在否定结构中可以与since或for短语连用。如：
He has never touched beer for a whole week.
I haven't bought anything for a year.
3. has been to和has gone to的区别
has been to表示“曾经去过”说明所提及的对象一回到说话地点
has gone to表示“去……”说明所提及的对象不在说话地点。如：
Ive been to Beijing for many times.我到过北京很多次了。
Tom has gone to Beijing and will come back next week.汤姆已到北京去了，下星期才回来。
4. have got的含义
have got形式上是现在完成时，却和have是同一个意思
She has got a slight temperature. She has a slight temperature.她有点发烧。
Have you got a new dictionary? Do you have a new dictionary?你有一本新字典吗？
5. 注意下面各句的意思：
He has gone for two days. 他走了，将离开两天。= He has gone and will be away for two days.
She has come for a week. 她来了，要呆一个星期。= She has come and will stay here for a week.
I haven't heard from her since she lived in Nanjing. 自从她离开南京以来，我一直没有她的音信。
专项练习
1.You wont know if it fits you until you ___ it on.
A. will try B. are trying C. try D. have tried
2.Its said that he ___ sent to Australia to improve his English.
A. would be B. was to be C. has been D. had been
3.This is the second time you ___ late this week.
A. had arrived B. arrived C. have arrived D. arrive
4.The living standard of the people in Nanjing ___ since1983.
A. has raised B. had been risen C. has risen D. rose
5.Mr. Smith has lived in Canada for twelve years, so he ___ life there.
A. used to B. get used to C. got used to D. has got used to
6.Mike ___ with Jane for one year.
A. has been in love B. has fallen in love C. has been loved D. has loved
7. Tom was said to ___ Mary for 40 years.
A. have been married to B. have married with C. have been married with D. had married with
8.Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___.
A. have been taken place, have been set up B. have taken place, have been set up
C. have taken place, have set up D. were taken place, were set up
9.Robert is said ___ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
10.The price ___, but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down
【语法讲座之过去完成时】相关文章：
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5.英文语法
6.语文语法
7.语法知识
8.虚拟语气语法
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