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托福119分备考经验详解

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“小狗要穿毛衣”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了9篇托福119分备考经验详解，以下是小编收集整理后的托福119分备考经验详解，希望对大家有所帮助。

托福119分备考经验详解

篇1：托福119分备考经验详解

托福119分是如何办到的?详解他们的备考经验

先说背景：英语专业，也许算是基础较好?但是自我感觉英语实际水平没有很好，至少不是理论上能得119的水平。

备考过程及材料：时间只有21天，阅读听力只做了官方真题Official,每天刷一套，先做了第一套觉得不难就跳到了8，后面的做完了回头才刷的前几套，没做完。口语1-2题每天尽量抽时间练，用亦鸥，开始练了点真题，然后准备了黄金80题，都写了稿的，比较简单的只写要说的点，难的写稿。大范围机经出了以后把机经题也都练了。3-6题分几次练，每次都是集中练习，但是似乎也没有找到传说中的感觉= =作文最后10天开始准备素材和模板，最后几天才练笔。

可以看到我准备的过程还是比较仓促，所以这就是我自认为没有考好的根本原因，只有理论自信没有道路自信啊!!但是iBT终究是一个考试，既然是考试就可以有应对方式。接下来分四部分来具体谈，每部分再分成4小部分：1)自认为没有考好的原因2)实际上考好的可能原因3)一点经验4)可以提高的地方，如果备考时间充足的话

鉴于每种题具体的方法论的东西网上很多了，我只说一些个人比较有感想的地方。

阅读备考：

1) 自认为没有考好的原因：

准备的过程中有一段时间每天都错很多，最多一次错了11个，5、6个也是常有的事，一遇到数理化天文地质的题就懵，经常看了半天不知道说啥，导致信心严重受挫。而且注意力常常不能集中，看着密密麻麻的字就是读不进去。考试当天遇到一题讲日本气候的，好几个题都不确定。然后也遇到了进入不了状态的问题。

2) 实际上考好的可能原因：

考试时的状态还是和平时不同的，注意力水平肯定还是上了一个台阶，在一定程度的紧张的带动下。平时做题可能由于当时的状态和心理上的不够重视导致错题较多，但要相信自己考试的时候一定能拿出最佳状态的!

3) 一点经验：

我个人是先看题再从文章找。但是会先看题目和每段的段首句大概了解下主题，也有助于做最后一题的时候分清主次。

平时的错题一定要分析常错题型，去网上看人家是怎么分析的，不同题型的应对方式很多大牛讲过，就不赘述了。那如果每种题型都有怎么办?我就遇到了，那只能各个击破咯。不要就绝望了，要相信这很可能是状态问题!

另外，考试最好能留出一点时间检查，我就查出了一道错题。但是第三篇还是没来得及检查，前面做的还是慢了吧。

4) 可以提高的地方：

对于不熟悉的题材其实可以多看看纪录片和背景资料，这样心里有谱一点，增强道路自信啊!

提高阅读速度其实也挺重要，这个需要大量练习的，方法论网上多的是。

另外我建议一开始做阅读的时候先用纸质版，因为长时间对着电脑复习真的很累，还消磨意志，我在备考过程中屡次breakdown，很大程度上是疲劳作战导致的。所以建议复习后半段再用软件。

听力备考：

1) 自认为没有考好的原因：

平时做听力就老走神，考试也走了。不熟悉的题材和阅读一样hold不住。果然就被扣了一分啊。

2) 实际上考好的可能原因：

其实没有考好= =毕竟阅读听力还是相对容易满分的

3) 一点经验：

也谈不上经验了，就是关于要不要记笔记的问题，我个人是记的，但是确实有点影响听的过程，而且笔记记的不好，回头找常常看不懂自己写的啥= =所以还是看个人习惯吧。

另外听SSS是个好方法，能提高听不熟悉题材的能力和专注度。

4) 可以提高的地方：

我相信大量练习可以解决听和记同时进行的问题的!想想那些同传!!!如果能形成自己的一套笔记符号是最好不过的，但是我没有= =

然后专注力的问题我觉得也是练出来的玩意儿，除了多听以外，有一些小游戏是可以提高专注力的，每天玩一小会放松一下也好啊。像国外的Lumosity这样的网站就很好，但是要收费= =国内有个爱海豚可以试试。另外其实连连看这种游戏也行的啊

口语备考：

1) 自认为没有考好的原因：

我大概属于哑巴英语，表达障碍。刚开始练习的时候15s啥也想不到，45s能讲几句话而已。后来练得多了有所提高，但是感觉自己口头表达还是不好，经常想不到要用的词啊，忘加第三人称啊，he/she不分啊。考试那天1、2题倒比较顺，没想到4、5题都没说完，而且最后一句都很慌乱，基本上语法糟乱语意不明。尤其第4题我因为最开始的笔记没有补全，所以第一句话就结巴了好久，最后说出来的句子语法估计也是错的。第6题还用错词的情况，想说踩这个词把tread说成trap….. 总之当时就觉得完了肯定是两个fair.

2) 实际上考好的可能原因：

口音!!我觉得自己的语音总体上标准，只是口张得不够大有些词发音不到位，语调呢还是下降调多，偏中式一点。虽然远非完美，但这就已经足够给评分人留下好印象了。

另一个原因可能是因为我基本上没怎么用模板，用也是捡短的来说。最后得满分大概印证了想要高分就抛弃冗长模板的说法，也证明了最后一句没说完没有关系，只要前面说的还不错给考官留下总体上的好印象就好。

3) 一点经验：

先说口音，一定要录下来自己听，如果实在听不出来问题就去找老师或者程度好的同学听他们意见。关于跟读身边确实有人用这个方法提高的，我自己没怎么练过所以没有发言权。

1-2题的准备，80题一定要做，这是积累语料的过程。尽量想一些比较特别的个人化的答案，最好别用网上流行的万金油答案。如果题特别难，你一下懵了答不上来，那不妨据实以告，然后谈你对这个话题不熟悉的原因。比如问你生活中遇到的一大困难，你觉得自己这辈子还挺顺风顺水也没遇着啥大困难，那你就实话实说，然后为啥很顺利呢?Because I’ve been following the same path taken by most of the youngsters across the country, and it’s also the one chosen by my parents. 然后blabla…这个方法是外教讲的，反正不管怎样，keep talking! 举例也很重要，最好具体一点。考试时候第1题是机经，问提高教育水平的一个方法。我的回答是pay-rise for teachers. 然后举的例子是我去支教的时候发现那里的老师have to do farming work to help secure a living. I saw no passion on their faces. They didn’t have a sense of mission that they were there to educate. 其实我没去过支教的地儿而且据说支教的地方条件都还挺好= =总之多发挥聪明才智及想象力吧!!!

3-6题的准备我认为集中练习还是挺好的，有利于总结不同题型，建立相应的模板。这样在考试的时候可以快速分辨这是个phenomenon or principal or what,然后平稳地开始讲述，讲好开头是非常重要的!可以提升信心。

还有个tips, 最好把笔记举起来方便斜眼看时间。

4) 可以提高的地方：

我3-6题自认为没考好根本上还是因为准备的不够，我只做了官方真题Official,然后亦鸥上面的题目似乎不好，就没有再做了。没想到什么好的解决之道。我想如果备战时间长，也许可以把官方真题Official多练几遍。从长远的角度讲，要提高口语还是要多张嘴，这点我确实做的不好。

其它有关写作的备考经验及备考心得详见论坛：bbs.zhan.com/thread-355019-1-1.html

以上就是小编为大家的托福119分备考经验，希望对大家的托福备考有帮助。最后，小编预祝大家托福考试能取得理想的成绩。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists in essence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, covered with a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty of design, shape, and decoration is no accident: the proportions of the instrument are determined almost entirely by acoustical considerations. Its simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 parts are involved in the construction of a violin. Its tone and its outstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. No less important, however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument. In combination with the larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra.

The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its own right dates from the early 1600's, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras. Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626 Louis XIII of France established at his court the orchestra known as Les vingt-quatre violins du Roy (The King's 24 Violins), which was to become widely famous later in the century.

In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that the strings were thick and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher string tension. Small changes had to be made to the violin's internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both facility and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated, and new fingering patterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes.

1. The word standard in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) practical

(B) customary

(D) unusual

2. The King's 24 Violins is mentioned in line 15 to illustrate

(A) how the violin became a renowned instrument

(B) the competition in the 1600's between French and Italian orchestras

(D) why the violin was considered the only instrument suitable to be played by royalty

3. What is the main idea presented in paragraph 3?

(A) The violin has been modified to fit its evolving musical functions.

(B) The violin is probably the best known and most widely distributed musical instrument in the

world.

(D) The technique of playing the violin has remained essentially the same since the 1600's.

4. The author mentions Vivaldi and Tartini in line 19 as examples of composers whose music

(A) inspired more people to play the violin

(B) had to be adapted to the violin

(D) could be played only by their students

5. The word they in line 22 refers to

(A) Civaldi and Tartini

(B) thinner strings and a higher string tension

(D) internal structure and fingerboard

6. The word strain in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) struggle

(B) strength

(D) stress

7. The word Accordingly in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) However

(B) Consequently

(D) Ultimately

8. According to the passage , early violins were different from modern violins in that early violins

(A) were heavier

(B) broke down more easily

(D) were easier to play

9. According to the passage , which of the following contributes to a dull sound being produced

by a violin?

(A) A long fingerboard

(B) A small body

(D) Thick strings

10. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) resonator (line 2)

(B) solo (line 7)

(D) fingering patterns (lines 24-25)

11. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to the ability to play modern

violin music EXCEPT

(A) more complicated techniques for the left hand

(B) different ways to use the fingers to play very high notes

(D) minor alterations to the structure of the instrumentANSWER KEYS

PASSAGE 100 BAACD DBCAA C

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000 years, at least, there has been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average temperature of the planet. The importance of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earth's temperature was confirmed by scientists working in eastern Antarctica. Drilling down into a glacier, they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulated year after year. Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time.

The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow 160,000 years ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core and measured the composition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice. Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the time when that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.

The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and of atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on the planet, carbon dioxide levels dropped. When the global temperature dropped 9 F (5 C°), carb°on dioxide levels dropped to 190 parts per million or so. Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in a warm interglacial period, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 parts per million. Through the 160,000 years of that ice record, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and 280 parts per million, but never rose much higher-until the Industrial Revolution beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing today.

There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levels and global temperature change goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon dioxide levels may have been much greater than the current concentration during the Carboniferous period, 360 to 285 million years ago. The period was named for a profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced a large fraction of the coal deposits that are being brought to the surface and burned today.

1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Chemical causes of ice ages

(B) Techniques for studying ancient layers of ice in glaciers

(D) Effects of plant life on carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere

2. The word accumulated in line 6 is closest in meaning to.

(A) spread out

(B) changed

(D) built up

3. According to the passage , the drilling of the glacier in eastern Antarctica was important

because it

(A) allowed scientists to experiment with new drilling techniques

(B) permitted the study of surface temperatures in an ice-covered region of Earth

(D) confirmed earlier findings about how glaciers are formed

4. The phrase tantamount to in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) complementary to

(B) practically the same as

(D) unlikely to be confused with

5. According to the passage , Grenoble, France, is the place where

(A) instruments were developed for measuring certain chemical elements

(B) scientists first recorded atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide

(D) the relationship between carbon dioxide and temperature was discovered

6. According to the passage , scientists used isotopes from the water of the ice core to determine

which of following?

(A) The amount of air that had bubbled to the surface since the ice had formed

(B) The temperature of the atmosphere when the ice was formed

(D) The rate at which water had been frozen in the glacier

7. The word remarkable in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) genuine

(B) permanent

(D) continuous

8. The word link in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) tension

(B) connection

(D) distance

9. The passage implies that the warmest temperatures among the periods mentioned occurred

(A) in the early eighteenth century

(B) 160,000 years ago

(D) between 360 and 285 million years ago

10. According to the passage , the Carboniferous period was characterized by

(A) a reduction in the number of coal deposits

(B) the burning of a large amount of coal

(D) an accelerated rate of glacier formation

11. The passage explains the origin of which of the following terms?

(A) glacier (line 5)

(B) isotopes (line 11)

(D) Carboniferous period (lines 26)

PASSAGE 99 CDCBC BCBAC D

篇2：托福110分备考经验

托福110分备考经验分享你的学习方式是否真的正确?

一.托福110分经验分享之单词积累

1.不要陷入极端

托福备考时，对单词的态度容易陷入两种极端。一种是觉得单词在手高分我有。另一种是觉得单词没那么重要，看看就得。

背单词的确是很必要的，并且应该贯穿整个备考过程。但是痴迷单词，只背单词，不去研究考试的内容，不去做题，那这单词背的是毫无意义的。托福考试考的，套用ETS的一句话，是：The test measures your ability to use English to communicate in an academic environment. ——考察考生在学术环境中使用英语进行交流的能力。因此光背单词，积累那些最元素化的内容，是无法提升你使用英语进行听说读写能力的。并且作为标化考试，托福还有很多的考试经验和技巧，如果没有足够的训练，那么托福还想110的同学只能给你点一首梦醒时分了。

2.不要不背单词

另一个极端的同学也不是不背单词，而是对单词的重视程度以及背诵效果不够。新托福阅读词汇量在8000--10000左右，很多学生将单词书背了很多遍，但是其实只记得单词的样子，看着眼熟，所以在实际阅读文章、解答听力问题时仍然感到吃力，更别提口语和写作的输出应用了。

其实细想想，我们阅读听力中出现的问题：读不完、听力太快跟不上、记不下来笔记、不理解等等这些，归根结底，还是因为单词不够熟悉。你在听的时候不能快速反应出单词意思，那么一两秒的思考时间内，好几句话就过去了;看着文章单个词汇反应意思，整段理解的时候你看到的都是碎片，所以文章讲什么，你还需要再看一遍试图理解。

其实倍速听力听抄的目的不是训练听的反应，而是锻炼你对词汇的熟悉和脑海里的中英译理解反应速度。让你对那些考试涉及词汇的熟悉程度，变成你对book、apple的这类学了多年的简单词汇的熟悉程度。那么你的听的时候自然就理解并跟得上了。

所以托福词汇是一定要积累的，并且对核心高频单词的熟悉程度一定是非常高的。这样你阅读和听力的时候才能够快速反应，才能有后续的理解。而口语和写作还需要我们对相关词汇更进一步、会读会运用程度的学会。对于口语、写作常用词，在学习时要用所学的单词造句子，在语境中体会单词的用法。这样才可以说是真正完成了背单词这一项，也只有背到这个程度的单词才是最有效的。

二. 托福110分经验分享之学习方式

每天睁眼就开始复习一直到深夜?熬夜三四五六个月直到考试前一天?这些都不是正确的学习方式，我们每天接受到的知识、能理解掌握的内容也是有限的。你集中做三天听抄不如每天一小时弄一个月的精听;一天看完8000单词不复习也一个新的都记不住。

不知道你们有没有听说过一个实验，1990年三位心理学家为了对小提琴名家进行研究专门前往西柏林中心的艺术大学。试图通过大量数据，解答一个基础问题：是什么因素让精英演奏家比中等演奏者更加优秀?

他们将研究对象分成两组，一组是有可能成为大师的精英演奏者，一种是普通的演奏爱好者。通过研究，他们发现：

普通演奏者通常将工作分散到一天完成。一份将平均工作时间和每日活动小时对比的图表显示，普通演奏者图表上的曲线是平滑的，工作时间与活动时间相近。

而精英演奏者则不同，他们将工作集中在两个明显时段完成。如果将他们工作时间与每日活动时间相对比的表格描绘出来，会发现两个显著峰值(一个早上，一个下午)。

越是顶尖演奏者，峰值越明显。而同样，越顶尖的，在时间峰值之外，他们休息和放松的时间也要比所有人都多。

由此，最后结论是：一整天持续的勤奋，并不能决定成功，有节奏的努力，才能成功。

每天的复习时间可以控制在6个小时左右(当然是有效复习时间)，复习时要注意集中精力，不要被社交软件啊信息啊什么的扰乱思维，并且要有规划的进行一天的复习安排。比如，将精力最充沛的时间留给背单词、将最容易疲倦的时间用来练习口语等。

上文中关于托福110分经验分享中，我们重点提到了两个方面，一是托福词汇的背记，另外一点是托福的学习方法。其实备考的过程中托福词汇非常重要，但是大家要辩证看待，不能将所有时间都花在背单词上另外，托福学习备考的过程中，效率比学习时长更重要。

托福语法：without的正确用法

一、基本用法

1. (表否定)没有，无，不需。如：

The letter was posted without a stamp. 那封信没贴邮票就寄出去了。

We got there without any trouble. 我们到了那儿，一路上没遇到任何麻烦。

You'll get wet if you go out in the rain without an umbrella. 雨天外出不带伞会淋湿的。

I suddenly realized I'd come out without any money. 我突然意识到，一点儿钱也没带就出来了。

2. (用在no, not, never等否定副词之后，强调肯定)没有……不，没有……则不能……，每……必定……。如：

You can't get rich without taking risks. 人不冒险不富。

The old man cannot walk without a stick. 那位老先生离开手杖就走不了路。

Don't go out without a coat: you'll catch your death. 别不穿外套出去，会得重感冒的。

I never see this picture without thinking of him. 每次看到这张照片，我都会想起他。

3. (与-ing形式连用)不，无，没。如：

She entered the room without knocking. 她没敲门就进了房间。

It goes without saying that health is above wealth. 健康胜于财富这个道理是无需多说的。

They had to stand for hours without changing position. 他们得一动不动地站几个小时。

It wasn't very polite of you to serve yourself without asking. 你也不问一声就自己吃起来是不太礼貌的。

4. (表条件)若无，若非。如：

I don't like to go to a country without knowing something of the language. 我要是不懂得一点那个国家的语言，就不想到那个国家去。

Without water, we cannot live. 没有水，我们就活不了。

Can you see without your glasses? 你不戴眼镜能看得清东西吗?

二、作表语的用法

without引出的介词短语通常用作状语，但有时也可用作表语。如：

She is completely without shame. 她恬不知耻。

My investigations were without result. 我的调查毫无结果。

The houses in this village are without water. 这个村子里家家户户都没有自来水。

We were without electricity for three hours but it's on again now. 我们的电停了3小时，现在又有了。

三、后接复合宾语的用法

without后接复合宾语的常用结构如下：

1. without+宾语+副词

I'd be lost without you here. 没有你在这儿，我会一筹莫展。

I'm very near-sighted without my glasses on. 我要是不戴眼镜十分近视。

2. without+宾语+介词短语

We'd be better off without them as neighbors. 要是没有这些邻居，我们就过得更愉快了。

I don't like sweet coffee; I like it better without sugar in it. 我不喜欢加糖的咖啡，里边不加糖我更喜欢。

3. without+宾语+动名词

Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 无人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。

They debated for hours without a decision being taken. 他们争论了几个小时，也没作出决定。

4. without+宾语+不定式

Without anyone to help, how can we go on? 没有人帮忙，我们怎么能进行下去?

It was boring to sit there without anything to do. 无所事事地坐在那里太无聊了。

5. without+宾语+过去分词

Without another word exchanged, they started off. 没有再交谈一句，他们就出发了。

托福语法之 the more the better

1) the more… the more… 越……就越……

The harder you work, the greater progress you'll make.

2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B

less A than B

He is more lazy than slow at his work.

= He is less slow than lazy at his work.

3) no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多

The officials could see no more than the Emperor.

no less… than… 与……一样……

He is no less diligent than you.

4) more than 不只是，非常

She is more than kind to us all.

典型例题

1)The weather in China is different from____.

A. in America B. one in America C. America

D. that in America

答案：D。本题意为“中国的天气与美国的不同。”比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。

2)After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.

A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as

答案C。此句意为“引进新技术以后，这个厂1988年生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍”。表示倍数用“倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象”的句型。所以此句答案为C。

This ruler is three times as long as that one.

托福语法：hardly, scarecely和barely的辨析

hardly，scarcely和barely这三个词在意义上都接近于否定。

hardly 主要与any，ever，at all或动词can连用：

He has hadly any money.

他几乎没有钱。(非常少)

I hardly ever go out.

我很少外出。(我极少外出。)

It hadly rained at all last summer.

去年夏天没怎么下雨。

Her case is so heavy that she can hadly lift it.

她的箱子太重了，她简直提不起来。

也可以和其他动词连用：

I hardly know him.

我不太认识他。(我只是与他认识而已。)

注意不要把副词hard与hardly搞混：

He looked hard at it.

他使劲地盯着它看。(他在盯着它。)

He hardly looked at it.

他几乎没看它。(他瞄了它一眼。)

scarcely意为“几乎不”，它可以代替hardly。上述例句中也可用scarcely any/scarcely ever等。

但scarcely主要意为“不到”、“不足”：

There were scarcely twenty people there.

那儿连20个人都没有。

(关于hardly/scarcely之后的倒装语序，见第45节与第342节E。)

barely意为“不超过”、“仅仅”：

There were barely twenty people there.

那儿不超过20个人。(刚刚20个)

I can barely see it.

我勉强看得见它。(我只能看见而已。)

篇3：托福115分备考经验

托福115分学员自述四科考试备考经验分享

【听力】

听力我把官方真题Official34套题一字一句的精听了两遍。第二遍用的是1.5倍速。其实我觉得托福的听力语速真的很慢。如果听不懂原因八成都是单词不认识或者不熟。所以我有把听力中不认识的单词都记了下来然后背过。另外，听力集中精力很重要，有时候一走神出题点就过去了，这就是我自己做题的时候基本上只错细节题的原因。

【阅读】

建议大家阅读不要用纸质资料练习。因为我个人的阅读速度受阅读材料的质感、排版甚至字号的影响很大。我阅读有做笔记的习惯，在演草纸上把梗概写下来，这对于最后文章概括题帮助还是很大的。阅读我也是把官方真题Official做了两遍多，有时候甚至做第二遍比第一遍收获还大。其实托福阅读的答案都很明显，有时候有一种初中政治题的感觉。每次错题基本上都是因为不细心，尤其是最后的总结题。阅读很需要把心静下来，有时候我觉得自己浮躁就去刷套阅读，效果显著。

另外，词汇题我下了一点点功夫，我把无老师的词汇题背了下来。帮助还是挺大的，不仅是对阅读。

【口语】

口语真是我又恨又爱的一科。最后这个26分也是差强人意。独立题最重要的就是多做多积累。我把亦鸥上的144道独立题全做了，都录了音，然后把每个题的答题思路都写了下来。后来我发现我竟然还两次上了亦鸥的勤奋榜。做完这些题就游刃有余多了，见招拆招。但是我觉得最近独立题在变难，所以考试的时候表现不是那么好。

关于综合题，还是要用好官方真题Official。我把官方真题Official里所有的综合题都做了然后录了音。刷题的过程中，我会找到适合每一题的语速，调整记笔记的方法，然后锻炼用自己的话来表达的能力。所以刷题还是很必要和有效的。

【写作】

到我的写作成绩我心都碎了。一战拿到写作30的时候就害怕保持不住，结果真就退步了。不过想到自己已经做了足够的努力，也就觉得分数不那么重要。

写作其实一直是我心里最没底的一科。面对独立写作各种奇怪的题目，我经常为找不到论点和论据而犯愁。这个问题其实到了最后也没有被彻底解决。对于写作我觉得一个秘诀就是“自圆其说”。不管你说的对不对，只要你相信自己说的对，然后以一种给人洗脑的姿态把你说的话都往论点上靠就行。解决完了文章结构和内容的问题我就开始加长文章长度。一战的时候我只写了585个字，后来渐渐地我就稳定在七百字左右了。考试的时候也是七百出头。只拿了29分也不能怨天尤人，肯定是文章内容不太充实。

最后还有三点想强调：

1. 我一本单词书都没背。相比背单词，我更喜欢在学习中积累。把听力、阅读中不认识的单词都积累下来然后背过，这样记忆会更深刻持久。

2. 官方真题Official乃托福备考之魂!尤其是对于听力和阅读。非常接近真实的考试，而且可以提供足够的背景知识。

3. ipad的确是个好东西!

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Many prehistoric people subsisted as hunters and gatherers. Undoubtedly, game animals, including some very large species, provided major components of human diets. An important controversy centering on the question of human effects on prehistoric wildlife concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near the end of the Pleistocene epoch. Most paleontologists suspect that abrupt changes in climate led to the mass extinctions. Others, however, have concluded that prehistoric people drove many of those species to extinction through overhunting. In their Pleistocene overkill hypothesis, they cite what seems to be a remarkable coincidence between the arrival of prehistoric peoples in North and South America and the time during which mammoths, giant ground sloths, the giant bison, and numerous other large mammals became extinct.

Perhaps the human species was driving others to extinction long before the dawn of history. Hunter-gatherers may have contributed to Pleistocene extinctions in more indirect ways. Besides overhunting, at least three other kinds of effects have been suggested: direct competition, imbalances between competing species of game animals, and early agricultural practices. Direct competition may have brought about the demise of large carnivores such as the saber-toothed cats. These animals simply may have been unable to compete with the increasingly sophisticated hunting skills of Pleistocene people.

Human hunters could have caused imbalances among game animals, leading to the extinctions of species less able to compete. When other predators such as the gray wolf prey upon large mammals, they generally take high proportions of each year's crop of young. Some human hunters, in contrast, tend to take the various age-groups of large animals in proportion to their actual occurrence. If such hunters first competed with the larger predators and then replaced them, they may have allowed more young to survive each year, gradually increasing the populations of favored species. As these populations expanded, they in turn may have competed with other game species for the same environmental niche, forcing the less hunted species into extinction. This theory, suggests that human hunters played an indirect role in Pleistocene extinctions by hunting one species more than another.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The effects of human activities on prehistoric wildlife

(B) The origins of the hunter-gatherer way of life

(D) The change in climate at the end of the Pleistocene epoch

2. The word Undoubtedly in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) occasionally

(B) unexpectedly

(D) certainly

3. The word components in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) parts

(B) problems

(D) varieties

4. Which of the following is mentioned as supporting the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis?

(A) Many of the animals that became extinct were quite large.

(B) Humans migrated into certain regions around the time that major extinctions occurred.

(D) Humans began to keep and care for certain animals.

5. The word Besides in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) caused by

(B) whereas

(D) in favor of

6. The author mentions saber-toothed cats in line 17 as an example of a carnivore that

(A) became extinct before the Pleistocene epoch

(B) was unusually large for its time

(D) caused the extinction of several species

7. The word they in line 22 refers to

(A) human hunters

(B) game animals

(D) large mammals

8. According to the passage , what is one difference between the hunting done by some humans

and the hunting done by gray wolves?

(A) Some humans hunt more frequently than gray wolves.

(B) Gray wolves hunt in larger groups than some humans.

(D) Some humans prey on animals of all ages, but gray wolves concentrate their efforts on young

animals.

9. The word favored in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) large

(B) escaping

(D) local

10. According to the passage , the imbalances discussed in paragraph 3 may have resulted from

(A) the effect of climate changes on large game animals

(B) large animals moving into a new environment

(D) older animals not being able to compete with younger animals

PASSAGE 75 ADABC CCDCC

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Under the Earth's topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there are deposits of clay. Look at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds; or look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be exposed. Rivers also reveal clay along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible. What is clay made of? The Earth's surface is basically rock, and it is this rock that gradually decomposes into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots of trees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers — all of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become clay.

Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is the most abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxides silica and alumina combined with alkalis like potassium and some so-called impurities such as iron. Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is the basis of clay. When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful objects, which can then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered with impermeable decorative coatings of glasslike material called glaze. Just as volcanic action, with its intense heat, fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rock called obsidian, so can we apply heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard, dense material. Different clays need different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire clays, never become nonporous and watertight like highly fired stoneware. Each clay can stand only a certain amount of heat without losing its shape through sagging or melting. Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance between a china teacup and an earthenware flowerpot.

1. The author's main point in paragraph 1 is that clay deposits

(A) conceal layers of rock

(B) can be found in various places

(D) must be removed from construction sites

2. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which of the following areas?

(A) in desert sand dunes

(B) in forests

(D) near rivers

3. The word accessible in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) buried

(B) improved

(D) workable

4. According to the passage , rock breaks down into clay under all of the following conditions

EXCEPT when

(A) it is exposed to freezing and thawing

(B) roots of trees force their way into cracks

(D) natural forces wear away the Earth's crust

5. Why does the author mention feldspar in line 10?

(A) It is often used as a substitute for clay.

(B) It is damaged by the oxides in clay.

(D) It is a major component of clay.

6. The word it in line 13 refers to

(A) iron

(B) feldspar

(D) clay

7. Based on the information in the passage , it can be inferred that low-fire clays are MOST

appropriate for making objects that

(A) must be strong

(B) can be porous

(D) are highly decorated

8. The phrase account for in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) reduce

(B) explain

(D) list all of

9. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?

(A) Clay deposits are only found deep in the Earth.

(B) If clay contains too much iron it will melt when fired.

(D) If sufficient heat is applied, all clay will become nonporous.

PASSAGE 76 BACCD BBBC

篇4：详解托福各科备考方法及经验

2战托福考试115分详解各科备考方法及经验

托福听力备考

一般对于托福听力的备考，主要是通过精听来练习。如果考生实在是找不到好的听力材料的话，那么官方真题Official就是一个不错的备考资料，小站论坛上就有免费的下载资源，大家可以去下载。另外如果要想要获得提高的话，大家还可以根据不同的倍速来练习，这样的效果会比较好。如果反复听你都是听不懂的话，八成是因为你的托福词汇不认识，那么你除了去背单词之外，在练习时碰到的不认识的单词你都要记录下来，然后去背。大家在备考的时候一定要进行精听的练习，因为这个很重要，有时候在听的时候一不走神出题点就过去了，这就是大家为什么细节题总是错的原因了。

托福阅读备考

在托福阅读备考当中，个人认为词汇是很重要的，除了阅读的基础需要之外，还有一点很重要的就是在托福阅读考试中有专门针对词汇进行考察的题型，所以这对于词汇方面的备考尤其显得重要。所以这里我用的无老师的词汇书，大家也可以看看，不仅仅对阅读有帮助，其它科目也很有帮助的。

另外，对于托福阅读，建议大家不要使用纸质资料来练习，因为考试是机考的，你平时练习的时候如果用纸质的话，那么你就会导致考试的时候不习惯，这样会严重影响自己的阅读速度的。在阅读考试中，如果阅读速度跟不上的话，那么你就会有做不完题的情况发生，这样损失可就大了。大家在阅读的时候还可以做一做笔记，这样对做托福阅读的最后一题总结题是很有帮助的。现实中和考试结构的题型相似的就是官方真题Official了，大家可以用来练习的哦，一篇不行，那么就多刷几遍。

托福口语备考

托福口语可能是最让大陆考生又爱又恨的一个考试科目了。可以说托福口语考试考生找不到一个标准。很多考生得分不高都是失足于托福口语考试上。备考托福口语，考生需要多练习托福考试常考话题，并且要录音，并且在练习的时候，要把每道题的写作思路都要写下来，这样你就会发现你在备考时是如何去分析题目，并给出答案的 .对于托福独立口语题目，大家还是要以积累为主;综合口语大家关键是要将听力部分的内容听明白，这样才能有把握答题。个人觉得近来托福考试中口语的难度在不断的增大，尤其是在独立口语方面，所以大家要看一些新题。新出来的官方真题Official40-48就跟现在的考试难度相差不多，所以大家一定要多多的去练习哦。

托福写作备考

对于托福写作和口语考试差不多，是最让考生心里没有底的。在面对托福独立写作的各种奇怪的题目，考生经常会因为找不到论点和论据而犯愁，有的考生甚至是考完了拿到一个不错的托福成绩时，这个问题也没有完美的解决。这里小编可以给大家一个托福写作的诀窍，其实也就是个人的经验啦，就是你在写作的时候，对于自己的观点一定要自圆其说。不管你说的是对与否，你都要相信你说的是对的，然后配合上一些实例来验证你的论点京味可以了。如果你解决了文章的结构和内容，那么接下来就是要解决文章的长度了，一般写作的要求是300字左右，但是个人建议最好能够达到500+这样得高分的机率将会大大的提升。

最后还有三点想强调：

1. 我一本单词书都没背。相比背单词，我更喜欢在学习中积累。把听力、阅读中不认识的单词都积累下来然后背过，这样记忆会更深刻持久。

2. 官方真题Official乃托福备考之魂!尤其是对于听力和阅读。非常接近真实的考试，而且可以提供足够的背景知识。

3. ipad的确是个好东西!

希望上面的备考经验及总结方法对大家托福备考有帮助。在考试中，考生有一个好的心态也是可能让自己在考场上超常发挥的。最后，小站教育编辑说大家托福考试能取得理想的成绩。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

The spectacular aurora light displays that appear in Earth's atmosphere around the north and south magnetic poles were once mysterious phenomena. Now, scientists have data from satellites and ground-based observations from which we know that the aurora brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign.

To understand the cause of auroras, first picture the Earth enclosed by its magnetosphere, a huge region created by the Earth's magnetic field. Outside the magnetosphere, blasting toward the earth is the solar wind, a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic filed. Charged particles in this solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind's magnetic lines of force with a spiraling motion. The Earth's magnetosphere is a barrier to the solar winds, and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere itself. But in the polar regions, the magnetic lines of force of the Earth and of the solar wind bunch together. Here many of the solar wind's charged particles break through the magnetosphere and enter Earth's magnetic field. They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly. In the polar regions, electrons from the solar wind ionize and excite the atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere, causing them to emit aurora radiations of visible light.

The colors of an aurora depend on the atoms emitting them. The dominant greenish white light comes from low energy excitation of oxygen atoms. During huge magnetic storms oxygen atoms also undergo high energy excitation and emit crimson light. Excited nitrogen atoms contribute bands of color varying from blue to violet. Viewed from outer space, auroras can be seen as dimly glowing belts wrapped around each of the Earth's magnetic poles. Each aurora hangs like a curtain of light stretching over the polar regions and into the higher latitudes. When the solar flares that result in magnetic storms and aurora activity are very intense, aurora displays may extend as far as the southern regions of the United States.

Studies of auroras have given physicists new information about the behavior of plasmas, which has helped to explain the nature of outer space and is being applied in attempts to harness energy from the fusion of atoms.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The methods used to observe auroras from outer space

(B) The formation and appearance of auroras around the Earth's poles

(D) The periodic variation in the display of auroras

2. The word phenomena in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) ideas

(B) stars

(D) colors

3. The word picture in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) frame

(B) imagine

(D) explain

4. The passage describes the magnetosphere as a barrier (line 10) because

(A) its position makes it difficult to be observed from Earth

(B) it prevents particles from the solar wind from easily entering Earth's atmosphere

(D) it is strongest in the polar regions

5. The word them in line 16 refers to

(A) polar regions

(B) electrons

(D) aurora radiations

6. According to the passage , which color appears most frequently in an aurora display?

(A) greenish-white

(B) crimson

(D) violet

7. The word emit in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) change from

(B) connect with

(D) give off

8. The word glowing in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) shining

(B) moving

(D) hanging

9. Auroras may be seen in the southern regions of the United Sates when

(A) magnetic storms do not affect Earth

(B) solar flares are very intense

(D) the excitation of atoms is low

10. The passage supports which of the following statements about scientists'n derstanding of

auroras?

(A) Before advances in technology, including satellites, scientists knew little about auroras.

(B) New knowledge about the fusion of atoms allowed scientists to learn more about auroras.

(D) Until scientists learn more about plasma physics, little knowledge about auroras will be available.

11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) magnetosphere (line 6)

(B) electrons (line 15)

(D) fusion (line 29)

BCBBC ADABA A

托福阅读真题原题+题目

The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. Near the end of this era, research studies demonstrated that rapid weight loss was associated with nitrogen imbalance and could only be rectified by providing adequate dietary protein associated with certain foods.

The second era was initiated in the early decades of the twentieth century and might be called the vitamin period. Vitamins came to be recognized in foods, and deficiency syndromes were described. As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health, it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy. At that point in time, medical schools started to become more interested in having their curricula integrate nutritional concepts into the basic sciences. Much of the focus of this education was on the recognition of vitamin deficiency symptoms. Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine. Reckless claims were made for effects of vitamins that went far beyond what could actually be achieved from the use of them.

In the third era of nutritional history in the early 1950's to mid-1960s, vitamin therapy began to fall into disrepute. Concomitant with this, nutrition education in medical schools also became less popular. It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions. Expectations as to the success of vitamins in disease control were exaggerated. As is known in retrospect, vitamin and mineral therapies are much less effective when applied to health-crisis conditions than when applied to long-term problems of undernutrition that lead to chronic health problems.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The effects of vitamins on the human body

(B) The history of food preferences from the nineteenth century to the present

(D) Nutritional practices of the nineteenth century

2. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following discoveries was made during the first era in the history of nutrition?

(A) Protein was recognized as an essential component of diet.

(B) Vitamins were synthesized from foods.

(D) Certain foods were found to be harmful to good health.

3. The word tempting in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) necessary

(B) attractive

(D) correct

4. It can be inferred from the passage that medical schools began to teach concepts of nutrition

in order to

(A) convince medical doctors to participate in research studies on nutrition

(B) encourage medical doctors to apply concepts of nutrition in the treatment of disease

(D) support the creation of artificial vitamins

5. The word Reckless in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) recorded

(B) irresponsible

(D) urgent

6. The word 'them in line 19 refers to

(A) therapies

(B) claims

(D) vitamins

7. Why did vitamin therapy begin losing favor in the 1950's

(A) The public lost interest in vitamins.

(B) Medical schools stopped teaching nutritional concepts.

(D) Claims for the effectiveness of vitamin therapy were seen to be exaggerated.

8. The phrase concomitant with in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) in conjunction with

(B) prior to

(D) in regard to

9. The word skyrocketing in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) internationally popular

(B) increasing rapidly

(D) surprising

10. The word extolling in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) analyzing

(B) questioning

(D) promising

11. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses

(A) the fourth era of nutrition history

(B) problems associated with undernutrition

(D) why nutrition education lost its appeal

PASSAGE 25 CABBB DDABC A

篇5：托福备考从100分到110分经验

托福备考从100分到110分阅读还需要怎么练?

进一步提升长难句应对技巧

托福考试能够考到一百分，或者说阅读能够拿到25分的同学，在应对阅读长难句方面一般都是问题不太大的，很多考生即使长难句看起来仍然有点吃力，但也会有一些能够在避免长难句干扰的前提下正确解答题目的经验技巧。但如果大家还想要让阅读得分跟上一层楼，那么面对长难句，就必须具备能够直接看懂的正面突破能力而不能总想着看到长难句绕着走。所以，考生在阅读备考中，首先要做的就是学会拆分解读长难句，并在此基础上锻炼出快速阅读和理解长难句的能力。托福阅读25分而不是30分，对于长难句的处理可能在细节上还有一些问题，有时候仍会出现一些纰漏。考生如果能够进一步提升托福阅读长难句的应对能力，那么阅读提分也会更有把握。

学会拆分各段落结构找观点

除了长难句外，考生另一个可以进一步提升的提分点就在于看懂段落结构。25分阶段的考生想要找到各个段落的中心句主旨句应该已经有一定经验，但能否找得快找得准，能否快速区分出每个段落中的主旨内容和细节部分，这其中其实还是有一些提升空间的。而且托福阅读文章也并非每篇每段都是先主旨后细节的结构，不同类型的文章，比如议论文和说明文在文章段落结构上就存在明显差异，还有些比较奇葩的文章也有可能把主旨句藏头露尾，这也需要考生掌握一定技巧才能顺利找对内容。总之，学会拆分托福阅读文章的各个段落，准确高效地找到观点主旨区分出细节论据，这也是考生需要努力的提升方向。

强化总结题型的得分能力

最后，很多托福考生之所以只拿到25分而不是30分，很多时候问题都是处在阅读的最后一题，也就是六选三总结题型上。这个题型独特的解题要求以及和边读文章边做题模式格格不入的解题思路，总是会让很多同学遭遇挫败。因此，如果大家的目标是进一步提分，尽可能保证和提升总结题的得分能力也是必不可缺的。了解总结题的题型特点，摸清做题的具体方式，之后通过实际训练来分析出选项对错并提升答题熟练度积累解题经验，这些方式都能够帮助大家在面对总结题时更为游刃有余地进行解答，从而让托福阅读得分更上一层楼。

托福阅读背景知识汇总之Lava

Lava

Lava is magma that breaks the surface and erupts from a volcano. If the magma is very fluid, it flows rapidly down the volcano’s slopes. Lava that is stickier and less fluid moves slower. Lava flows that have a continuous, smooth, ropy, or billowy surface are called pahoehoe (pronounced path HOH eel hob eel) flows; while a (pronounced ah ah) flows have a jagged surface composed of loose, irregularly shaped lava chunks. Once cooled, pahoehoe forms smooth rocks, while a a forms jagged rocks. The words pahoehoe and a are Hawaiian terms that describe the texture of the lava. Lava may also be described in terms of its composition and the type of rock it forms. Basalt, andesitic, decides, and hyalite is all different kinds of rock that form from lava. Each type of rock, and the lava from which it forms, contains a different amount of the compound silicon dioxide. Basaltic lava has the least amount of silicon dioxide, andesitic and deictic lava have medium levels of silicon dioxide, while holistic lava has the most.

托福阅读背景知识汇总之吉他简史

吉他简史(英文版)

A Brief History of the Guitar

There is evidence that a four string, guitar-like instrument was played by the Hittites (who occupied a region now known as Asia Minor and Syria) around 1400 BC. It had characteristically soft, curved sides--one of the primary features of anything identifiable as a guitar or predecessor. The Greeks also produced a similar instrument which was later modified by the Romans, though both versions appear to have lacked the curved sides. What is interesting here is that it seems this Roman cithara appeared in Hispania (now known as Spain) centuries before the Moorish invasion.

It had long been assumed that it was only after this invasion and the introduction of the Arabic due in the South that a guitar-like instrument first appeared in Spain. But with the Roman cithara arriving centuries prior, we might say that although the due influenced the development of the guitar it is not the true ancestor. According to this theory, the Spanish guitar derived from the tan bur of the Hittites, kithara with a “k” of the Greeks and then the cithara with a “c” of the Romans.

However, following the arrival of the Moors, the Roman cithara and the Arabic due must have mixed and exerted mutual influences on one another for many centuries. Although there is no specific documentation, it is likely that makers of us and cithara’s would have seen each other's work, if only through presentation by traveling troubadours. By 1200 AD, the four string guitar had evolved into two types: the guitars maraca (Moorish guitar) which had a rounded back, wide fingerboard and several sound holes, and the guitars Latina (Latin guitar) which resembled the modern guitar with one sound hole and a narrower neck.

In the late 1400's, the visual was born by adding doubled strings and increasing its size. It was a large plucked instrument with a long neck (vibrating string length: 72 to 79 cm) with ten or eleven frets and six courses. It was the visual which became the preferred instrument of the Spanish and Portuguese courts and remained so until the late 1600's when orchestral and keyboard instruments became more prominent.

Although the guitar existed concurrently during this period, the visual and lute had overshadowed it until the end of the 17th century when the lute had acquired too many strings, was too hard to play and tune, and the visual was slowly replaced by the four and five course guitars (which had seven and nine strings respectively: one single high string, and three or four remaining courses--or pairs--of strings). It was perhaps the addition of the fifth course in the late 16th century that gave the guitar more flexibility and range and thus improved the potential of the repertoire that led to its ascent.

By the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, some guitars already used six single strings and employed fan struts under the soundboard. These struts were added for structural support to allow thinning of the top for greater resonance and for better distribution of sound across the board. Other contemporaneous developments included the use of a reinforced, raised neck using ebony or rosewood for the fingerboard, and the appearance of machine tuners in place of the wooden pegs. (It is noteworthy that the raised fingerboard had a great impact on the technique of the instrument since the strings were then too far from the soundboard to rest one's finger on the face for support.) These guitars would be unmistakably recognized by us as early classical guitars.

Beginning with the early 19th century, in the works of Agustin Caro, Manuel Gonzalez, Antonio de Lorca, Manuel Gutierrez from Spain and other European makers including Rene Lakota, and Johann Stauffer, we find the direct predecessors of the modern classical guitar. By 1850, the guitar was prepared for its most important breakthrough since its inception, the work of Antonio Torres Jordon. With the encouragement of Julian Arcos and his own brilliant intuitions, Torres refined the strutting of the guitar to include as many as seven struts spread out like a fan under the soundboard. He increased the body size and the width of the neck considerably. These improvements allowed for greater volume and bass response as well as the development of a left hand technique for richer repertoire. The guitar was now prepared for the demands of the solo performer and the concert stage.

Although there have been continued developments since the middle 1800's, our modern guitar retains most of what was developed nearly 150 years ago. No one can say if we have reached the end of the evolution of the guitar, but until now, many of the best guitars from the point of view of volume, projection and sheer beauty of tone were made by the great makers, Torres, Ramirez and Arias from the second half of the last century!

篇6：托福备考经验

托福备考经验分享

首先，阅读是我本人的长项，也是我每次考试分数最高的一项，不管是考试还是平时模考，阅读基本都稳定在25以上。其实就词汇量而言，我的词汇量真的不算大，但是词汇还是要好好背的，但是不要想着词汇量大阅读成绩就一定会高。

做托福阅读一定要有一个逻辑的概念，一篇托福文章那么长，但是考到的只有几句话，所以就要明白文章哪些部分是要重点看的，哪些部分不用读的那么仔细。很多同学做托福阅读的一个明显感受就是时间不够用，很重要的一个原因就是整篇文章都在精读。托福阅读和我们平时写作文是一样的，有结构的，第一段通常是交代整篇文章的主题，所以要重点读。对每一段而言，无非就三种结构，第一句是主题句，最后一句是主题句，主题句在中间。通常第一种情况是最常见的，所以每一段第一句重点读，明白这一段要讲什么，然后下面的话肯定都是服务主题句的，就可以加快读的速度。

刚开始我做阅读，60分钟往往不够用，后来掌握了托福阅读的规律，再加上平时的不断练习，每次都在45分钟以内做完三篇阅读，剩下的15分钟就回过头看一下自己做的时候有点疑惑的题目。

听力

其实这次考试听力分数并不是特别好，我觉得我的听力之所以分数不高是因为词汇掌握的不熟悉，一些看到认识的单词，却通常听不出来或者听出来不能马上反应过来意思。所以我建议大家平时多做词汇的听写，就是听英文快速说出中文意思。我最开始考听力只有13分，主要是对托福听力很不习惯，因为不能看题目，做笔记的时候听到什么都想记下来，这样就耽误了听。所以建议大家平时精听的时候，不要做文章听写，因为做听写的下场就是你听到什么都要记。每句话提取一到两个关键词即可，而且一定要创造自己习惯的缩写，这样才能提高做笔记的速度，不至于因为记笔记耽误了听。

另外，听力文章和阅读文章一样，都是有结构的，一篇听力那么长，但只考几道题，所以听力文章很多时候不用完全听懂。因为往往几句话都在重复同一个意思，你只要抓住了其中一句，就可以做对题目。所以，记笔记的时候一定要分段，只要段分好了，做题的时候往往也是一段出一道题，而考察的重点通常就是这一段的大意。

口语

刚开始练习口语时习惯性的带有嗯呃之类的语气词......其实是没想好下面说什么，自己说话时断句也很奇怪。后来按照老师的要求每天跟读，慢慢的就明白说话时该如何断句，哪些地方应该重读。口语分为独立和综合，对于独立口语而言，我考前准备了二三十个自己写的段子，基本上可以套用在百分之九十的题目上。之所以自己写，而不是背模板是因为自己写的印象会更深刻，用起来也更灵活。对于综合口语，听力是很重要的，一定要学会做笔记，把听力中的逻辑讲清楚。另外就是把控时间，平时练习时一定要计时，分配好每一部分的时间。

写作

综合写作没什么说的，还是取决于你的听力水平。独立写作真的要感谢樊爷教的五部蝰蛇法。之前每次写作都不知道该如何展开，导致自己写的文章没有逻辑，写着写着就不知道该写什么了。后来听了樊爷的课以后，掌握了托福写作的奥秘，每次遇到题目都能快速破题，找到议论角度，知道如何展开文章。而且樊爷的方法绝不是教你用所谓的模板，而是掌握一套正宗的写英语文章的套路，只要有了套路，你会形成有自己风格的而不单一的模板。

希望以上的一些小经验可以帮到更多的人，坚持且努力，你就一定能得到好的结果。

11月9日托福写作考试真题及答案

综合写作

米开朗基罗(Michelangelo)伪造(forged)了laocoon这个塑像。

1.他伪造过不止一个，这很可能是anot-her forged statue

2.他有一幅画和雕塑很像，被认为是作为雕像的准备稿

3.为了钱(financial motivation)

听力反驳：

1.年幼无知时(career刚开始的时候)伪造为了出名(获得大家的肯定)，出名之后不必伪造(后来大家都认为他有能力，没必要再伪造了)

2.画有两处和雕塑不同，是巧合。ing是hold left arm，statue是hold right arm (具体哪个hold right/left arm忘了反正就是这个地方不同)2.—个是 strengthen torso另一个是twist torso ，除此之外，还是有不少地方不一样的。

3.伪造毁名声，太冒险了，没必要。买他画的人都是像国王、皇后之类的。一旦他们出售假的statue，被发现后会让米开朗基罗 lost all his customers and destroy his career.

独立写作

Many moviemakers make movies based on books. Some people prefer to read the book before they watch the movie， while other people prefer to watch the movie before they read the book. Which do you prefer?(重复10月28日考题)

立场：watch the movie before reading

理由：

1. 社交：电影越来越流行---和朋友一起先看电影可以和他们一起探讨电影情节，然后一起看书、交流---友情更进一步;对比：先看书的话，在和朋友一起看电影的时候容易剧透---给朋友造成不好的观影体验---对友情不利。

2. 效率：现在的社会节奏很快---看电影的时间短---能在短时间内就了解80%的内容---如果电影的内容不好，就不会浪费时间去读书---节省很多时间---可以去看别的电影---提高效率;对比：看一本书的时间比电影要久

3. 让步段：虽然先看电影有很多的好处---但从细节知识方面来说，我们能从书中获取到的知识更多，电影带给观众的更多是直观感受。

下午场大作文重复207月1日考题

Which one do you think is the most useful to improve our environment?

1. Walking or bicycling to reduce driving;

2. Only consume organic food (reduce pesticide);

3. Reuse or recycle wastes.

立场：Walking or bicycling to reduce driving

理由：

1. 健康：walking or bicycling---不仅可以减少汽车尾气排放，缓解温室效应，还可以让久坐的人们在上下班的途中适当的运动，一旦他们得益于此，他们保护环境的意识会提高---环境会进一步改善。

2. 效率：walking or bicycling---道路上汽车减少，交通压力就会得到很好的缓解，政府可以把注意力更多的放在其他问题上，就可以更有效率地去处理其他环境污染问题---环境可以得到更好的改善。

3. 经济：walking or bicycling---省钱，人们不需要买昂贵的汽车，省下来的钱或多或少都会用在与环保相关的地方，如购买贵一点的有机蔬菜等/在政府无需过度投入金钱的基础上—大气排放减少，政府花更多的钱治理另外一些严重环境污染问题，一举两得。

月2日托福听力考试真题及答案

Conversation

C1：学生来找教授说不满意自己组员的时间冲突，不想group work，想独自完成问卷调查。

C2：女生找教授问为什么自己上次交的作业分数低，教授说她交晚了，并说下次presentation女生还有机会提高分数。女生说自己想的演讲内容是关于生物的，提到了毒素和伪装，之后paper也想写这个主题，教授让她讲完presentation再补充。

C3：学生说自己要参加地理暑假research program，还要打工，没有时间。

C4：学生想要换一个校园工作，觉得现在的工作不适合她。她有志愿者经历，符合老师推荐的另一个工作，但这个工作在校园外，学生没车有驾照，建议用短途汽车。

Lecture

Art：教授介绍美国的某个画家在urban画画，和别人不同用一副早餐的画举例，写了颜色和构图。

Zoology：教授介绍砍树对amphibious的影响

Archaeology：教授讲在一个有artifacts的cave，先说另一个cave因为旅行者进入导致遗迹受到影响所以这个cave不让进，然后这个cave被复原了。有一个教授参观过这个cave，发email说复原工作很好，然后又讲了怎么确定这里的artifacts的创造年份。

Geology：教授介绍造山运动，先提出了一个假说，然后说很多科学家认为河流不止腐蚀作用这么简单。然后提出了另外一个假说，举例喜马拉雅。

Psychology：教授研究3-5岁小孩子具有planning的能力，让他们共同解决问题，设置了两组，用工

年11月2日托福口语考试真题及答案

Should the school spend same time on teaching our owncountry’s history and world history?

阅读：学生建议学校合并教师餐厅和学生餐厅。因为学生餐厅很挤而教师餐厅没有full use.

听力：老师有很多吃饭的地方选择比如家里比如办公室。但是这么做可能会打扰到老师用餐，因为学生可能会问老师问题，而老师只想安静吃饭。

这道题目有点特别，没有说完全同意。而是提出了一个同意的点一个反对的点。在答题时不能按照原有的模板去套。大家在真考时，如果遇到类似情况，可以再看下最后的问题，看看到底是同意或者反对还是仅仅提出了自己的观点而已。

阅读：shoreline territories：海岸线的自然保护措施，同时免受侵蚀和保护动植物。

听力：为了防止陆地被侵蚀而建造的wall会影响海岸线上动植物的生存。湿地的鸟都不见了。但是改成自然的element，改成种草。草和泥土不仅能吸收水分，防止被侵蚀，还能给鸟和植物提供habitat.

主题是Keep business small的两个好处。

第一个好处是keep close relationship with customers. 员工会知道常来的顾客以及他们的喜好

第二个好处是相对大公司来说更加的flexible.比如想晚点关店的话，就可以自己多工作一会或者让别的员工看店。但是大公司人多会复杂很多。

篇7：详解如何拿到托福114分

提分策略分享为你详解如何拿到托福114分?

如何提升托福阅读：

1、英文著作：我在考试之前的一个月里，无论再忙都会抽出时间来看几页英文小说《The English Patient》，在考试之前的晚上我居然把正本书都啃下来了。读完这本书，我感觉对我的英文理解能力有很大帮助，另外也提起了我对英文阅读的兴趣，最明显的就是偶看英语阅读的时候不瞌睡了。

2、阅读生词：这个是建立在阅读文章的基础上，我做过Barron和Delta,和普通阅读不一样，我会把文章中我不认识的单词都查出来，但是不要每个都查，比如你应该查”橡木“这个词，却不应该查”某一种橡树的名称“。

托福阅读辅助书籍：Barron. Delta. 《The English Patient》

如何提升托福听力：

1、老友记：这个东西是经典中的经典。一代又一代的托福考生几乎都是拿这个练习听力，我也不例外。最开始跟着中国人笑，后来自己看着台词笑，再后来没等他们笑我就先笑了……老友记的第一季的台词我机会全部会背……看老友记，个人感觉应该先看电视，白痴的看一篇，然后读台词，差每一个单词，再放开台词看一遍，然后结合台词看，最后裸看。听力水平就会像我打俄罗斯方块一样，不断升高。

2、精听，这个东西我感觉不用别的材料，就Barron就足够了(那个东西死长死长的)。

3、听阁，我本来就比较喜欢听英文歌曲，总感觉他们那才是音乐，比国内的一大部分歌手都强。从最开始的backstreetboys到现在听阿姆rap，听力水平一路飞奔

托福听力辅助材料：Barron. . 百度MP3

托福口语：

口语的考试是真的RP爆发……没什么可说的……莫非是我烧香显灵了，额，诡异了……入正题，口语考试确实太出乎我的意料了，本以为连25都是一关，没先到居然考了满分。我对这个分数不是很有底，所以仅把自己准备口语的过程说一下，如果童鞋们觉得好就试一下，觉得不怎么样就抛弃吧。

如果提升托福口语：

1、准备模板：这个一定要准备口语考试的模板，不仅仅要第一题，而是要所有的模板都准备，毕竟一篇文章，模板能帮你解决掉将近10秒钟的时间。

2、不断练习：口语最好能够找一个朋友和你一起练，因为偶的条件得天独厚(BF)，所以他就成了我的忠实听众。不管好与坏，他都陪伴着我一路走过来。

3、不要怕：总的来说口语考试不要害怕，我本人傻大胆，朋友说我缺根筋。只要不怕，大声说，分数都不应该太低。

4、偷听……这个是一定要做的，把你的耳机向后带一点，能听多少就听多少。然后把人家说的论点论据赶紧记下来，这是诀窍中的诀窍。

托福口语辅助材料：Barron. BF. 模板、

托福写作：

作文感觉是报班对我帮助最大的一项。

如何提升托福作文：

1、综合写作的模板：综合写作时一定要用模板的，省时省力而且还能得高分。

2、大作文：大作文的段落一定要写清楚，然后在手段最好能将问题阐述清楚。这会使你的文章结构清晰。另外，大作文的字数最好写多一些，小女子认为写得越多越好。我貌似就打了好多好多字。练了这么多年QQ学会什么，不就学会打字了么，现在有这么好个机会展示，为什么不展示。嘎嘎。

托福写作辅助材料：Barron. Delta. 张贝贝作文课. 综合写作模板。

这就是主要的学霸公开的秘籍，有毅力有决心，赶紧行动起来，你也会是下一个学霸!!!

抓住阅读逻辑这三大招，秒变托福推理王!

第一招把握大基调

所谓把握大基调，说白了，就是当作者在讨论一个东西的时候，要先明确褒贬喜恶，到底是在说它的好处还是劣势，这种基调尤其体现在对比之中。也就是以前语文老师常说的，把握中心思想!

举个例子

比如阅读原文中有这样这段话：

German printers had the disadvantage of working with the complex typeface that the Italians sneeringly referred to as “Gothic” and that later became known as black letter. Outside Germany, readers found this typeface disagreeable. The Italians, on the other hand, had a clear typeface known as roman that became the type of the future.

用大招来分析

不难发现，前面讨论德国的Gothic字体时，出现了disadvantage， sneeringly ，disagreeable这样的字眼，而讨论到意大利的Roman字体时，用了on the other hand这样的对比词。由此可见，大基调是：Gothic不好，Roman好。

关于Gothic字体，有这么一道推断题：

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the “Gothic” typeface used in Germany?

A. It was adopted by the Italians when they hired two leading German printers

B. It was more difficult to read than roman typeface

C. It was easier to print than other styles of typeface

D. It was widely popular with international readers

掌握大基调后，再看选项，ACD是不是可以轻松地排除了呢?被意大利人嗤之以鼻的字体，自然不会被意大利人使用，人家用的是自己引以为豪的Roman体;文中讨论的是Gothic不好的地方，自然也不会选到easier to print/wildly popular这样的褒义词。不难选出B选项。

第二招抓准逻辑词

抓准逻辑词非常关键，它代表了行文结构的逻辑关系，这方面在句子简化题和修辞目的题上尤为重要。因为这两类题型的逻辑性很强，而选项中也会有明显的逻辑词，当抓住逻辑词后，就可以根据逻辑词轻松地排除明显错误的选项，提高做题速度和准确率。

拿一个修辞目的题为例：

Why does the author provide the information in paragraph 4 that the commercial classes never exceeded 10 percent of the population?

A. To argue that the wealth created by the commercial revolution benefited only a small number of people

B. To challenge the view that the commercial classes made up a majority of the population of Europe

C. To suggest a reason that the commercial revolution ended around A. D. 1300

D. To emphasize the point that the commercial revolution was brought about by a small part of the population

用大招来分析

根据10percent定位到文中这段话：

In the long run, the commercial revolution of the High Middle Ages (AD 1000-1300) brought about radical change in European society. One remarkable aspect of this change was that the commercial classes constituted a small part of the total population—never more than 10 percent. They exercised an influence far in excess of their numbers.

这段话是对commercial revolution 带来的变化的叙述：这一商业改革是由不到10%的人口带来的，这小部分人带来了巨大的影响。

这段话基本平铺直叙，没有明显的因果、驳斥，所以回顾选项的时候，只要抓住B和C中的逻辑词challenge the view/suggest a reason就可以直接排除了。再根据commercial revolution与这10%的人的逻辑关系，到底是benefit还是brought about by，选出D选项。

第三招理清文章脉络

总结题以及段落修辞目的题考察对整段话或整篇文章的理解，这就要求分析整段话或全篇的结构，这就要抓住各段落的topic sentence以及全篇的thesis statement。

再举个例子

以TPO49的第三篇阅读为例，有一道修辞目的题问全篇的组织形式：

The author presents information in the passage mainly by

A. Contrasting the development of industrialism in different countries

B. Explaining a new theory about the origins of the Industrial Revolution

C. Analyzing the consequences of European industrialism

D. Explaining the reasons why industrialism began in Great Britain

用大招来分析

分析全文可知，第一段讨论了工业革命的根源之一是商业革命，二至四段讨论了英国的三个优势，第五段讨论了工业革命的先驱之一——农业革命，第六段接着第五段的内容讨论了圈地运动促进农业发展。

由此可见，整篇文章是讨论工业革命发生的背景，其中重点介绍了在英国开展的原因。理清了脉络，就能抓住逻辑了：各段落内容与工业革命是因果关系。而选项中，A: contrast; B: explain a new theory; C: analyzing the consequences 明显与逻辑不符，可以快速地选出D：explaining the reasons。

综上所述，抓准托福阅读中的逻辑的技巧就是把握大基调，抓准逻辑词，理清行文脉络。掌握这些技巧，有助于理解文章，更加快速准确地选出答案。你学会了吗?

备考阶段，如何精读托福阅读文章?

众所周知，阅读有“精读”和“泛读”两种形式。就平时的备考来说，考生要真正提高自己的英语阅读能力，精读托福阅读文章是十分有必要的，是“治本”的关键动作。考生在做题时可以按照考试规定时间模拟考场，采用精读与泛读并用的方式答题，但是在做完题目并核对完答案之后，就要从托福阅读文章的词、句、段、题四个方面展开细致的精读学习。下面笔者就从这四个方面谈一谈如何做好精读学习。

精读之词

单词量不够一直是很多考生阅读时遇到的障碍之一。考生除了通过背词汇书提高词汇量之外，也可以利用托福阅读文章来积累新词汇。具体该如何操作呢?首先，考生将一篇托福阅读文章中不认识的单词划出来，标上序号，然后整理到笔记本上。整理完成后，很多考生自然会想到通过查阅词典来记录单词的意思。事实上，考生在精读时，不要过分依赖词典，而是多尝试练习猜词的方法，这样真正上考场时，考生遇到生词不会过分紧张。具体来说，在查阅词典之前，考生应该先根据单词所在的上下文语境猜测单词的含义，然后再通过查阅词典来进行核实，最后将正确含义记录在笔记本上。

是不是所有自己不认识的单词都需要仔细背诵呢?当然不是。托福阅读文章具有多学科的特点，所以，势必会有很多学科词汇是考生所不认识的，对于专业的学科词汇，考生只要做到识记含义即可，比如，perennial (多年生植物)、biennial (两年生植物)、annual (一年生植物)等植物学词汇。那么，哪些词汇是必须认真背诵与掌握的呢?简单地说，就是那些影响考生理解句子的单词。以下面这个例句为例。

Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt—and eventually to Sicily and Spain—but it was several centuries before paper supplantedparchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. (TPO 34 “Islamic Art and the Book”)

大部分考生在精读这句话时会查阅这四个划线的单词，其中Koran表示伊斯兰教中的《古兰经》，这一专有名词考生只作基本了解即可，因为考生即使不认识这个单词，也不会干扰对句子的理解。而其余的三个单词supplant (取代)、parchment (羊皮卷)、conservative (保守的)都会妨碍考生对原句的理解，如果考生不认识这些单词，就会很难理解出句子的意思为“经过多个世纪之后，纸张才取代羊皮卷用来抄写某个东西”这个关键信息，也会不明白because of后面提及的原因究竟是什么。从词性的角度来说，影响句子理解的单词一般是动词和形容词，因为它们通常透露着原句的重要细节。从托福阅读考试来说，动词和形容词也是词汇题比较“青睐”的考查对象。

此外，考生还可以从托福阅读文章中积累写作中可以用到的单词或词组。以下面例句为例。

In the wake of the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troopshad a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications (碉堡), and participation in the local economy. (TPO 19 “The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain”)

考生可能不认识considerable，查阅后会知道它意为“相当大的;重要的”，那么have a considerable on sth.就表示“对……产生重大影响”，这个词组在很多写作话题中都可以使用，考生可以将其作为写作表达积累起来，比如，考生要表达“阅读对人的性格产生着重大影响”的含义，则可以说：“Reading books has a considerable impact on people’s characters.”

精读词汇的最后一步就是在笔记本上把那些需要重点记忆的单词用荧光笔再次强调突出，然后多花时间进行重点背诵和记忆。

精读之句

看不懂长难句是很多考生在阅读时一直感到困扰的问题，大家在精读时一定要加强对长难句的理解练习。考生可以先把每一段中最长的句子或者成分比较复杂的句子摘抄下来。对于托福阅读考试来说，每篇托福阅读文章几乎都会考查句子简化题，而句子简化题的原句一般都是长难句，非常值得考生摘抄下来学习。考生摘抄完句子后就要对句子进行基本的句法分析。此时，首要的一点是找出句子的主干，理解句子的主要意思。何谓句子主干?一般指的是主句的“主-谓”、“主-谓-宾”或“主-系-表”等结构。考生可以首先找到主句的谓语动词，因为任何主句一定有谓语动词，它是句子的灵魂，决定了主干的基本结构和主要意思。而长难句除了主干，一般还会有诸多修饰成分，比如介词短语、不定式、分词结构、从句等。一般来说，多个从句的出现会让句子变得特别长，更加难以理解，因此考生在划出主干后，可以先划出从句，并思考从句的类别和在句中充当的成分和作用，之后再理解句子的其他修饰成分。最后，考生再对整个句子进行翻译，以确保自己真正理解了它的意思。当你坚持做这样精读句子后，你会发现自己在考场上遇到长难句不再那么恐慌了，理解句子的效率也会有明显的提高。这里给考生做一个精读句子的示例。

However, what is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected by critical phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production, but the fact that the crisis appeared only relatively late in Dutch agriculture. (TPO 23 “Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture”)

考生首先在笔记本上抄下这句话，然后再进行句法分析，可以通过划线等方式来体现。考生先找出主干，通过分析可知，本句主句的谓语为is，句子的主干结构为A (what从句) is not B, but C (the fact)。再来看本句有哪些从句导致句子变长了呢?

首先，What引导的名词从句作主语，也就是主语从句;第一个that引导的从句作be动词的表语，这样的从句是表语从句;第二个that引导的从句则是同位语从句，用来补充解释前面的名词the fact。这是一个典型的由多个从句构成的长难句。做完句法分析后，考生可以尝试翻译句子，如果有不认识的单词，先猜猜词义，然后借助词典进行核实，最后完成整句的翻译。这句话可以翻译成：“然而，对此，令人感到吃惊的并不是荷兰的农业受到销量和产量下降等危险现象的影响，而是这个危机在荷兰农业中出现地相对比较晚这个事实。”

精读之段

当考生把词和句逐一攻克以后，下一个精读的对象就是段落了。精读段落可以帮助考生了解托福阅读文章段落的结构规律，捕捉含特殊逻辑关系的结构的可能出题点。

段落精读的第一个要点就是要快速找出并理解各段落的中心句。如果是首段，一般关注它的首句或尾句;如果是中间段，一般也是阅读首尾句，但也可能会出现“非常规”的情况，即中心句在段落的中间出现。以下面这个段落为例。

Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.”Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger? (OG “The Expression of Emotions”)

乍一看，你会觉得本段落的中心句就是第一句，其实第一句只是交代了一个普遍的(generally)看法，第二句是基于这个看法作进一步的解释(in fact)。而真正的中心句应该是第三句(由however引出)，它提出了另一个新的看法，叫“面部反馈的假设”，这个新的看法才是本段接着要展开的重点对象。大家在精读段落时，应该特别留意类似“非常规”的情况，充分理解这种段落的写作逻辑。

段落精读的第二个要点就是关注段落中含逻辑关系词的结构，比如转折结构、因果结构、平行结构、连续列举结构等，这些结构往往都是托福阅读考试的出题点。笔者建议考生在精读时用记号标出这些结构的信号词，对其前后的文字加以研读，并与后面的题目进行对照，摸索阅读出题的规律。这里以“转折结构”为例作为示范。

According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.Unfortunately, the few scientific investigations of yawning have failed to find any connection between how often someone yawns and how much sleep they have had or how tired they are. About the closest any research has come to supporting the tiredness theory is to confirm that adults yawn more often on weekdays than at weekends, and that school children yawn more frequently in their first year at primary school than they do in kindergarten. (TPO 18 “The Mystery of Yawning”)

考生在精读本段落时，要特别注意本段中的Unfortunately，它是转折的信号词之一，引起了前后信息的转折，后面的句子对本段开头的传统理论(conventional theory)作出了反驳，意思是“但遗憾的是，关于打哈欠的仅有的几项科学研究并没有找到打哈欠的频率与个人睡眠时长或者疲劳程度之间的任何关联。”考生可以划出这个转折结构的句子，然后再跟后面的题目进行对照，看看是否针对这句话出题。对照之后，考生会发现有一道事实信息题与这句话有密切的关系。之后，考生还可以在脑海里再回忆下转折结构的信号词除了unfortunately还有哪些，比如还有but、however、yet、nevertheless、while、whereas等，以后读段落或做题时可以多注意这些地方。

精读之题

很多考生觉得，对托福阅读文章进行精读只需研究文章就可以了，事实上，托福阅读文章后面的题目也有很大的学习价值。在精读的最后阶段，你可以再次仔细阅读各道题目，扫除之前“蒙答案”的情况。具体来说，考生可以从三个方面精读题目。考生首先看一下自己是否真的读懂了每道题的题干和选项，如果题干和选项中出现不认识的单词，应进行查阅并记录到笔记本中;其次，考生再把每道题和原文的关系作一次确认，比如，托福阅读题目中常出现同义替换的关系，这里的同义替换包括两层含义：首先是题干中的词汇和原文所对应的替换点，也就是考生是如何找到该题的定位句的;其次是正确答案和原文所对应的替换点，也就是ETS是怎么写出这个答案的。精读题目时，你可以找到这些替换点并逐一把它们记录下来，多次总结后，你会发现托福阅读中的同义替换会有一些常见的套路。比如，有些替换通过词性的变化来实现，有些替换则靠同义词改写，而有些替换则可能是变换句型。最后，考生可单独整理出错题，整理错题可以让考生看出自己哪些题型是比较薄弱的，考前再做一些针对性的练习。整理出来的错题也可以放到考前几天作为再次回顾复习的材料。

总结

以上笔者从词、句、段、题四个角度和大家分享了托福阅读精读的过程。当然，由于每个考生的英语能力不同，所以选择托福阅读文章进行精读时要根据自己的情况来定。英语能力薄弱的考生可以先选择简单的托福阅读文章展开精读。英语能力较强的同学则可以直接挑战高难度的文章。此外需要提醒考生的是，需要保证精读的文章数量，建议严格按照上述步骤坚持精读30~40篇的托福阅读文章。

篇8：托福备考冲刺100分4条经验小贴士

托福备考冲刺100分4条实用经验小贴士分享高分实力源于日常积累

1. 遇题不决靠语感问题需纠正

托福考试本质上是对考生英语综合能力的考察，因此很多人把所谓的语感看得很重。然而实际上托福解题时依赖语感的做法并没有靠谱的根据，而大家面对难题找不到解题思路时靠语感，觉得哪个选项看起来读起来通顺就选它的做法其实也是毫无意义的，这样做不仅无法保证正确率，反而会成为托福成绩不理想的主要原因。小编认为托福考试从备考到实战，考生都需要有打破砂锅问到底的精神，对于不会的题目，为什么不会，问题出在哪里都需要深度细究，而不是一旦遇到难题就把宝全压在所谓的语感上面，这样不仅是对自己的不负责，也是对托福考试的不尊重。遇题不决靠语感的解题心态一定要纠正，应该遵循的解题流程绝不能靠语感蒙混过关。

2.做完题目请留出时间仔细检查

托福考试的时间是比较紧张的，口语听力部分先不谈，写作和阅读的时间对很多同学来说基本都觉得压力很大，因此大家往往会忽略掉一个重要步骤，那就是检查。检查的好处有很多，特别是对于一些粗心大意的考生来说往往能帮助大家发现许多错误挽回不少得分，特别是一遍做题正确率比较低的考生，依靠检查往往能弥补很多失误。而考虑到托福考试中许多题目都会人为设置一些引发考生因为粗心大意而扣分的干扰选项，因此检查的必要性就更高了。而为了避免因为这些干扰选项而意外丢分，小编还是希望大家能够养成/保留做完题检查的习惯。

3. 合理掌握各题型草稿纸运用技巧

众所周知，托福考试的考场会提供草稿纸供大家使用，而为了不同的考试题型要求，考生也需要掌握一些诸如速记等等需要配合草稿纸才能发挥价值的技巧。但很多同学在备考中其实是比较缺乏对于草稿纸运用的训练的，所以到了考场上就会出现明明有草稿纸却不知道怎么记或者记什么，胡乱记了几笔之后再看又发现根本不知道自己写的是什么。而托福不同题型需要大家记录的内容也是不一样的。与其到了考场上才手忙脚乱地做记录，小编更希望考生能够在日常备考中就规划和训练好对于草稿纸的运用技巧，确保自己能够及时有效地记录下解答难题需要的各种信息，真正发挥出草稿纸的作用。

4. 不要被题目难度左右自己的解题思路

托福考试的题目难度并非固定，有些考试场次会出现很难的题目，而有时候则会有一些简单到让考生感觉自己做了假的托福的题目。面对不同难度的托福考题，考生需要保持稳定的心态来进行解答。有的考生会因为题目简单而怀疑自己是不是哪里出错遗漏了什么细节线索，这种疑神疑鬼的心态大家一定要避免，对自己的解题思路有充分的信心不被题目难度影响产生动摇，托福高分才会为你打开大门。

托福考试语法选择题模拟练习+答案

1. An underlying assumption of most market research is that people are continually ____ financial decisions based on their desire for goods that give them the most satisfaction.

(A) making

(B) and make

(D) having made

2. ____ tempera paint, the artist mixes dry pigments with water until the mixture resembles a stiff paste.

(A) In preparation

(B) The preparing of

(D) Prepared

3. When two straight lines meet, ____ an angle.

(A) it is formed

(B) formed

(D) to form

4. Madge Macklin promoted the expansion of medical training include genetics ____ supported the founding of genetics departments in North American medical schools.

(A) nor

(B) and

(D) if

5. ____ mammals have hair at some time in their lives, though in certain whales it is present only before birth.

(A) Most

(B) The most

(D) In most of the

6. The digestive enzyme pepsin breaks down proteins into components ____ readily absorbed by the human body.

(A) that can be

(B) and are

(D) are to be

7. ____ the precise qualities of the hero in literary works may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant.

(A) Whatever

(B) Even though

(D) Regardless

8. Not until the dedication of Yellowstone Park in the late nineteenth century ____ a national park.

(A) the United States had

(B) did the United States have

(D) the United States having

9. Daniel Ken Inouye, Hawaiis first Cong ressman, was elected to the United States Senate in 1963, where ____ known for his unbiased views on civil issues.

(A) being

(B) it is he

(D) having become

10. Because caricature tends to emphasize the peculiarities of a subject, ____ an effective vehicle for pictorial satire.

(A) which is often

(B) and often seen as

(D) many of which are

11. In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ____ for children in Boston, Massachusetts.

(A) that institutes

(B) while instituted

(D) an institute

12. Early forms of life on Earth, ____ in the absence of oxygen, required elements such as sulfur instead.

(A) which lived

(B) whose life

(D) were living

13. People in prehistoric times created paints by grinding materials such as plants and clay into powder ____ .

(A) water to be added

(B) for adding water then

(D) and then adding water

14.Often very annoying weeds, ____ and act as hosts to many insect pests.

(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than goldenrods

(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods

(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants

15. Starting around 7000 B.C., and for the next four thousand years, much of the Northern Hemisphere ____ temperatures warmer than at present.

(A) with experience of

(B) experienced

(D) experience

Keys:

1-5: ACCBA

6-10: ABBCC

11-15:DADDB

托福写作语法错误

1. 用词不当

原：The absence of groupwork is a disaster for teenagers in modern society.

改：The absence of teamwork is a disaster for teenagers in modern society.

评：groupwork是“分组”或者“小组集体任务”的意思。这位同学原本想说teamwork“团队合作”，却用了一个看起来很像，但实际完全不同的词，表达出来的意思就风马牛不相及了。

原：You will be dangerous if you keep moving without a clear view of the whole picture.

改：You will be in danger if you keep moving without a clear view of the whole picture.

评：dangerous表示所修饰的对象是“带来危险的，有危险性的”，而be in danger才是“身处险境”的意思。到底谁才是威胁呢?

原：Firstly, the job, providing the opportunity for students to utilize what they learned in class, might effect their further development.

改：Firstly, the job, providing the opportunity for students to utilize what they learned in class, might affect their further development.

评：模样长得像，意思可不同了。这里想用动词affect表示“影响”，却误写为名词effect“效果”，一字千里啊!

2. 搭配错误

原：Nowadays, people are crazy pursuing to be excellent.

改：Nowadays, people are crazy about excellence.

评：这位同学显然记错了be crazy about sth. 这个用法，写出来的句子自然会出问题啦。

原：Besides, public speech can effectively increase your communication skills, which facilitate your salesman career.

改：Besides, public speech can effectively improve your communication skills, which facilitate your salesman career.

评：此处是一个明显的动宾搭配错误。“提高……技巧”应该是improve the skills，而不是increase the skills.

3.词性错位

原：I will forget my sad and pressure from the work and the study.

改：I will forget my sadness and pressure from work and study.

评：sad是形容词，而这里明显需要一个名词，应该是sadness。

原：Although making money is a priority for most people, spending time with the family is equal significant.

改： …, spending time with the family is equally significant.

评：形容词significant前需要用副词来修饰，所以equal应该改成equally。

4. 时态混乱

原：Although I have no work experience when I was a teenager, I always dreamed about having a job.

改：Although I had no work experience when I was a teenager, I always dreamed about having a job.

评：过去时的句子中冒出了现在时，同学你太粗心了，要仔细检查哦~

原：I would explain my view in the following paragraphs.

改：I’d like to explain… / I will explain…

评：可能是两种说法记混了吧，结果把时态搞错了……

篇9：托福写作备考经验

准备工作写作可谓是展现自己英语实力的最好平台，是显示你综合能力的地方，听力阅读中的词汇，语法，

托福写作备考经验分享

。口语中的思维。结合在一起，经过再加工，写下来，便是写作了。

1、单词

再来强调，基础的基础，单词。但是写作对与单词的要求已经不是仅仅认识就可以了。写作，正如这个词所昭示的那样，要求你熟练的使用词汇。如何正确的选择词汇，如何合理的使用他们，都要进入你的考虑范围。因此，在背单词时，注意积累自己的写作核心词汇。在背单词时，大家常常可以发现一些不错的词汇，可以用来表达自己长期以来想表达却因为词汇而无法表达的内容，云云。觉得有用，或者作个记号，或者记到另外一个本子上。

2、词组和同义词

词组和同义词可以丰富你文章的多样性，避免文章因为使用单一的词汇而显得枯燥乏味。同时，使用一些高端词汇更可以为你的文章增色。这些词组和同义词可以在平时的背单词和阅读时积累。也可以在TWE185篇范文中反复挖掘。

顺带一提，研读范文是很有必要的。同样一个题目，范文是如何写的，我是如何写的，比较之下，范文哪里比我写的好，哪些好的地方又值得我借鉴?从范文中也可以挖掘出很多有用的东西。

3、句式与结构

这个是区分高手与新人的一大特点，单词可以死背。同义词可以修改替换。但是灵活的使用句式，并对整个文章的合理把握，想做到这样，确实是一件比较难的事情。“地道”不“地道”也就是这样被区别的。如果说硬逼自己使用“地道”的词，而文章整体却不“地道”。会显得十分生硬。

如何积累着部分的知识呢?大量的阅读，无论是范文，小说，论文。感受别人好的方面，并把他们都记下来。不断的总结，发展为自己的一部分，

备考资料

至于练习。我们下面马上会说到。

实战演练 1、综合写作部分

综合写作总体上与独立写作相比是比较简单的，因为它只要求文字准确即可。不要求文字的华丽。但是大部分同学都受制于其阅读和听力部分。尤其是听力，常常听到类似于听不懂或者记不住之类的抱怨。其实，参考托福考试听力部分，经过一番锻炼之后，相信大家不应该会有太烦。但是为了一防万一。

我是再谈谈一些技巧吧(又是技巧啊~~害人的东西，尽量别用，实力才是王道。)阅读时，能总结多少总结多少，虽然文章还可以看到，可以完了再看，但是提前看好省时间.而且带着问题去和听力比较，听他是反对，支持?会极大的提高你对文章的理解。注意去听，他是他是反对，用了哪些例子?理论?记下这些重要信息。但是，再开始时，推荐听力能记下多少记下多少。理解其结构后再开始分类其信息。

总体上，记住准确，严禁，质量三个原则就可以了。阅读速度和听力不好的同学们再加把紧吧。

2、独立写作部分

独立写作，没什么捷径，练吧。我的建议是一个星期至少一篇，并在每一篇中尽量使用这个星期新学到的词汇，词组，句式。这样即可以强化记忆，同时也可以实践一下，自己是否可以驾御这写新东西。同时在实践中，渐渐的融为一体，发展自己的风格。

同时，写完后，一定要自己给自己修改，自己给自己纠错很重要，同时也是为了上考场

没事了，也多给别人改改。写的好，借鉴人家的经验，记下好词好句。写的不好，前车之鉴，避免犯同样的错误。子曰：三人行，必有我师。

考场经验 1、打字速度一定要注意，速度不好的同学一定要抓紧时间练。

2、写作部分大家会听到不停的敲键盘的声音，不要害怕，那是无数人的声音合在一起的效果。

3、时间分配一定要注意，最后要给自己检查的时间。

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