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托福阅读评分标准:阅读成绩是如何计算的

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托福阅读评分标准:阅读成绩是如何计算的

篇1:托福阅读评分标准:阅读成绩是如何计算的

许多备考的同学会存在一个疑问,托福阅读部分的成绩是如何来计算的?下面就将为大家解答。

托福阅读评分标准:阅读成绩是如何计算的

托福阅读考试的时间是60-80分钟,需要完成3-4篇文章,每篇文章的字数大约有700字左右,每天文章的出题数是12-14题。当然不同一题型的分值是不一样的。在了解托福阅读的评分方式之前,我们应该要了解的是托福阅读的题型。

托福阅读题型共分为10种:

1. Factual Information questions(事实信息题)

2. Negative Factual Information questions(否定事实信息题)

3. Inference questions(推论题)

4. Rhetorical Purpose questions(修辞目的题)

5. Vocabulary questions(词汇题)

6. Reference questions(指代题)

7. Sentence Simplification questions(句子简化题)

8. Insert Text question(句子插入题)

9. Prose Summary(文章总结题)

10. Fill in a Table(表格填写题)

了解了托福阅读的题型,我们再来看一下托福阅读的计分方式:

托福阅读以选择题为主,除最后的文章总结题和表格填写题之外,每道题的分值都是1分。

文章总结题满分为2分。这道题会给出6个选项,要求考生从中选出3个最能概括文章内容的选项。在评分方面,文章总结题每道题2分。如果这道题没有选对答案或只选对1个选项,不得分;如果这道题选对2个选项,得1分;如果这道题选对了3个选项,得2分。

表格填写题满分为3分。这道题会有2或3栏/行表格,包括5个正确答案选项。考生需要在备选答案中挑出正确选项,并将正确选项拖入表格中的相应位置。表格填写题满分为3分。没有答对或只答对1或2个答案不得分;答对3个答案得1分;答对4个答案得2分;5个全对得满分3分。

在计算出原始分数以后,将被转化为0-30分的最终分数。以下是原始分数与最终分数的对应表:

原始分数

最终分数

原始分数

最终分数

原始分数

最终分数

0

0

16

5

32

23

1

0

17

7

33

24

2

0

18

8

34

25

3

0

19

9

35

25

4

0

20

10

36

26

5

0

21

11

37

27

6

0

22

13

38

27

7

0

23

14

39

28

8

0

24

15

40

28

9

0

25

16

41

29

10

1

26

17

42

29

11

1

27

18

43

29

12

2

28

19

44

29

13

2

29

20

45

30

14

3

30

21

--

--

15

4

31

22

--

--

原始分数最终分数原始分数最终分数原始分数最终分数

比如,某位学生阅读部分,错了5道小题,3道文章总结题各错一个选项,因此扣去的分数就应该为5+1+1+1=8分,得到的原始分数就是45-8=37分,根据上面的对应表,最终得分应为27分。再如,另一位学生,错了12道小题,3道文章总结题中,1道选错2个选项,另外两道各选错一个选项,则扣分为12+2+1+1=16分,原始分数为45-16=29分,根据对应表,最终分数应为20分。

在上面的分数对应表格中,需要特别注意的是25分和20分的最终分数。如果得到25分以上,那就等于总分有可能上100分,而100分是申请美国名校的比较有竞争力的分数。如果得到20分以上,那就意味着总分有可能到80分以上,这个分数是申请美国前100名学校时比较基本的分数。

大家还需要注意的是0分的最终分数,对应的9分以下的原始分数。在传统考试中,如果不看题目,直接“蒙”,可能会得到一定的分数。而在托福阅读中,如果用“蒙”的方法,可能会得到9分的原始分数,但最终分数就是0分。

此外,正确题目个数与最终分数之间也存在一定的对应关系,具体如下:

正确题目个数最终分数正确题目个数最终分数正确题目个数最终分数

正确题目个数

最终分数

正确题目个数

最终分数

正确题目个数

最终分数

0

0

16

6

32

18

1

0

17

6

33

19

2

0

18

7

34

20

3

0

19

7

35

21

4

0

20

8

36

22

5

0

21

8

37

23

6

1

22

9

38

24

7

1

23

10

39

25

8

2

24

11

40

26

9

2

25

12

41

27

10

3

26

13

42

28

11

3

27

14

43

29

12

4

28

15

44

29

13

4

29

16

45

30

14

5

30

16

--

--

15

5

31

17

--

--

托福阅读考点有哪些?

一.时间和数字

在托福阅读的文章中,如果出现了关于时间的词,往往就意味着整篇文章或者段落的展开都是按照时间顺序的,在这种情况下,抓住了时间就抓住了作者用不同的时间点串出的一条时间线索。

在阅读文章中来说,个别数字的出现意味着这个数字所阐述的概念的重要性往往也是不容忽视的。

二.逻辑关系

很多考生在阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容,但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系,造成了对信息关联理解不准确的现象,这是一种严重的错误。因为上下文之间的逻辑关系往往会显示每一个段落在整个文章中的作用,掌握它们可以帮助我们文章的大意。

三.举例缘由

实际上,托福阅读考试中考查例子的具体内容的时候非常少,在题目中,更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的原因或它们所证明的观点。

四.新概念和局部核心概念

所谓“新概念”是指当考生读到文章某个位置时,之前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现,意味着已有的概念已经不能说明这里要阐述的问题,所以,新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“局部核心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念,对于这种概念来说,无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意,因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的。所以,考生在阅读的时候,一定要特别关注这些地方。

五.主题段和主题句的关键词

托福阅读文章中的主题段和主题句都是参与搭建文章结构的,文章中的很多大题要点都会包括在这部分中,所以这些地方也是考点经常出现的地方。

如何备考托福阅读?

在托福阅读题目中,其实有着三分之一的内容会涉及到词汇的内容。所以,即便是刚通过了大学英语四六级考试,你的词汇量也远远没有达到要求的。在短时间内恶补一下的单词量,是必不可少的,但是托福的词汇量也并非那么遥不可及。只要你能坚持得下来,每天完成规定的任务,过两遍17天,你的单词水平完全能达到托福考试的要求。但是,需要提醒大家,在考试结束之前,单词不要断掉,就算你已经很熟了。很多时候,我们会觉得托福考试,其实是在考验自己熟练能力,单词顺了,阅读的速度也会提高很多。

而在很多时候,托福阅读高低分的差异也许就是来自于对于长难句的掌握。对于托福高分的同学来说,一般情况下,都是可以一眼看一个很大的词语集合,不会盯住某些毫不重要的词语上,以词组或者句子为单位阅读,我们就可以大大提升阅读速度。而对于托福阅读能力停滞不前的同学的来说,往往就是习惯于一字一顿,艰难的移动眼睛,很难快速的理解一个长难句的内容。所以,想要提升自己的托福阅读能力,长难句也是一个必须要攻破的难关。

在托福阅读备考的过程中,相信大家总是会准备一些练习的资料。而在所有的资料中,也是最受大家的追捧的了。所以,在托福阅读练习中,一定要精做,尽可能做3遍。但是,并不是说做完以后就是完成了整个托福阅读,而做完以后也需要再重读原文。原因很简单,有时你会发现,在最后一道题6选3一直正确率不高?其实,就是因为你没有能够完全理解全文的内容。

托福阅读常考语法点有哪些?

托福阅读常考语法点:形容词

形容词修饰名词或代词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。形容词是修饰回答像“what kind of” 或 “which?” 或 “whose?” 这类的问题。在使用时要注意与副词的区分。

1)以-ly结尾的形容词:friendly, deadly, lovely, lonely, likely, lively, ugly, brotherly

2)以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词:daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, early

托福阅读常考语法点:副词

副词通常修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。(它也可以修饰另一个副词或一个形容词,但是这种情况托福考试里是比较少见的。)副词经常回答“how?”

正确的位置:

1) 在动词之前;在be动词、助动词之后。

2) 有多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。

3) 方式副词well, badly, hard等只放在句尾。He speaks English well。

另外,

1) 副词very可修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。

I very like English. (×)

I like English very much. (√)

2) 副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。

托福阅读常考语法点:比较

当比较两个事物时,用比较级,也就是-er形式或者用修饰词less和more。当比较多于两个以上的事物时,用最高级,也就是-est形式或者做most和least 修饰。

托福阅读常考语法点:措辞错误

像包括its/it's,affect/effect,lie/lay这类长相类似的词常常容易被错用,从而引起审阅者的困惑。如果你不能确定如何用这些词的话,就尽量避免使用。

托福阅读常考语法点:双重否定

与中文不同,在英语里,双重否定很容易出问题,类似于“not none”,“hardly none”和“not never”这样的双重否定都是不正确的。

篇2:托福阅读评分标准

阅读部分虽然不是托福考试中最难的一部分,但是要想考高分的话,也是需要做出很大的努力的,那考生的阅读部分怎么样备考才能考高分呢?其中很重要的一点就是了解托福阅读的评分标准。很多考生也许会说,为什么还要了解托福阅读评分标准呢?

了解托福阅读的评分标准,主要是了解各部分的题目的分数各占多少,只有了解了这些,考生才会分清楚,那些题目是比较重要的,那些题目出现的次数比较多,从而了解到更需要在那一部分下功夫。

对于新托福阅读部分,与老托福不同的是,考生不需要在答题之前通读全文,而是在做题的过程中分段阅读文章。每篇文章对应有11道试题,均为选择题。除了最后一道试题之外,其他试题都是针对文章的某一部分提问,试题的出现顺序与文章的段落顺序一致。最后一题针对整篇文章提问,要求考生从多条选择项中挑选若干项对全文进行总结或归纳。新一代托福阅读文章的篇幅比老托福阅读文章的篇幅略长,难度也有所增加。这部分持续时间为1小时,在此时限中考生可以复查、修改已递交的答案。

.新托福阅读考试共三篇文章,每篇12-14道题,如果遇到加试时从考试的.五篇文章中随机选取三篇计分。在这三篇文章中所有回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的“total points”。 除重要观点题和归类题以外,每道题的分值都是1分。重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。考试所得分数范围::0-30分。

托福阅读题型共分为10种:

1. Factual Information questions(事实信息题)

2. Negative Factual Information questions(否定事实信息题)

3. Inference questions(推论题)

4. Rhetorical Purpose questions(修辞目的题)

5. Vocabulary questions(词汇题)

6. Reference questions(指代题)

7. Sentence Simplification questions(句子简化题)

8. Insert Text question(句子插入题)

9. Prose Summary(文章总结题)

10. Fill in a Table(表格填写题)

篇3:托福阅读评分标准

新托福听力评分标准表

在新托福听力部分,大部分正确答案的分值是1分,有些问题的分值可能是2分。

1.当问题的分值是1分时,所有的项目都要回答正确,这一题才算是拿到了全部分值。

2.当问题的分值是2分时,比如,四选三的题目,必须全部答对才能得到所有分值;选对2个,可得到1个分值。

3.新托福听力以单选题为主,复选题和表格题为辅。

以上就是新托福听力评分标准介绍。在托福听力备考的过程中,考生应加强听力的训练,注重听力的得分点和分配方式,提高听力成绩。

那么托福阅读部分的成绩是如何来计算的呢?下面就将为大家解答。

托福阅读部分,总共有3篇文章(如遇到加试,则随机3篇文章算分,另1篇文章不算分)。每篇文章700个字,对应14道题目。其中,13道题是基础信息和推断题,每道题1分。最后一道题是小结题,俗称大题,满分2分。大题一般情况下是6选3,3个选项错一个扣一分,扣完为止,即在答题中错2或3个选项,这个题目不得分。

因此,每篇文章对应14个题目,共15分。阅读部分整体42道题,对应原始分数满分45分。根据如下表格,将会给出原始分数与最终分数的对应。

原始分数

最终分数

原始分数

最终分数

45

30

22

13

44

29

21

11

43

29

20

10

42

29

19

9

41

29

18

8

40

28

17

7

39

28

16

5

38

27

15

4

37

27

14

3

36

26

13

2

35

25

12

2

34

25

11

1

33

24

10

1

32

23

9

0

31

22

8

0

30

21

7

0

29

20

6

0

28

19

5

0

27

18

4

0

26

17

3

0

25

16

2

0

24

15

1

0

23

14

0

0

比如,某位学生阅读部分,错了5道小题,3道大题各错一个选项,因此扣去的分数就应该为5+1+1+1=8分,因此原始分数就是37分,最终得分为27分。另一位学生,错了12道小题,3道大题中,1道大题选错2个选项,另外两道大题各选错一个,则扣分为12+2+1+1=16分,原始分数为29分,最终分数对应为20分。

在此分数对应表格中,需要特别注意的是25分和20分的最终分数。如果得到25分以上,那就等于总分有可能上100分,而100分是申请美国名校的比较有竞争力的分数。如果得到20分以上,那就意味着总分有可能到80分以上,这个分数是申请美国前100名学校时比较基本的分数。

大家还需要注意的是0分的最终分数,对应的9分以下的原始分数。在传统考试中,如果不看题目,直接“蒙”,可能会得到一定的分数。而在托福阅读中,如果用“蒙”的方法,可能会得到9分的原始分数,但最终分数就是0分。

雅思阅读评分标准

正确题目个数

得分

正确题目个数

得分

39-40

9.0

13-14

4.5

37-38

8.5

10-12

4.0

35-36

8.0

6-9

3.5

33-34

7.5

4-5

3.0

30-32

7.0

3

2.5

27-29

6.5

2

2.0

23-26

6.0

1

1.0

20-22

5.5

absent

0.0

15-19

5.0

雅思听力评分标准

正确题目个数

得分

正确题目个数

得分

39-40

9.0

13-15

4.5

37-38

8.5

10-12

4.0

35-36

8.0

6-9

3.5

33-34

7.5

4-5

3.0

30-32

7.0

3

2.5

27-29

6.5

2

2.0

23-26

6.0

1

1.0

20-22

5.5

absent

0.0

16-19

5.0

篇4:托福阅读评分标准

托福阅读评分标准!你的阅读分数是这么算出来哒!看看

想看听力和口语请点击阅读语文查看

想要了解托福阅读评分标准那么就需要先对托福阅读部分进行全面的了解,托福阅读总共有3篇文章如遇到加试,则随机3篇文章算分,另1篇文章不算分。每篇文章700个字,对应14道题目。其中,13道题是基础信息和推断题,每道题1分。最后一道题是小结题,俗称大题,满分2分。大题一般情况下是6选3,3个选项错一个扣一分,扣完为止,即在答题中错2或3个选项,这个题目不得分。因此,每篇文章对应14个题目,共15分。

托福阅读部分整体42道题,对应原始分数满分45分。将会给出原始分数与最终分数的对应。托福阅读满分为42至45分不等,转换为标准分后满分为30分。对于托福阅读评分标准我们展现给大家一个表格进行详细的了解下吧。有图有真相看的更清晰么。

在此分数对应表格中,需要特别注意的是25分和20分的最终分数。托福阅读评分标准大家还需要注意的是0分的最终分数,对应的9分以下的原始分数。在传统考试中,如果不看题目,直接“蒙”,可能会得到一定的分数。

托福阅读评分标准而在托福阅读中,如果用“蒙”的方法,可能会得到9分的原始分数,但最终分数就是0分。如果得到20分以上,那就意味着总分有可能到80分以上,这个分数是申请美国前100名学校时比较基本的分数。如果得到25分以上,那就等于总分有可能上100分,而100分是申请美国名校的比较有竞争力的分数。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:在和谐及意识平等的社区中交流

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例:

In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations for fellowship, worship, and production that flourished in this laissez-faire environment, individuals could interact with one another within acommunity of harmony and ideological equality, following their own popularly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus while minimizing distinct ions of wealth and power.

词汇讲解:

multiplicity /?m?lt?'pl?s?t?/ n. 多,多样性

egalitarian /?'g?l?'t?r??n/ adj.平等主义的

fellowship n. 友谊,交情;团体,协会;会员资格

quasi /'kwesai/ adj. 准...,半...

laissez-faire /?lese??f e?/ adj. 放任自由的

ideological /?a?d???'l?d??k?l/ adj. 意识的

consensus /k?n'sens?s/ n. 意见一致

结构划分:

(In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations)(for fellowship, worship, and production) (that flourished in this laissez-faire environment), individuals could interact with one another (within a community of harmony and ideological equality), (following their own popularly elected leaders)and (governing themselves by shared consensus) (while minimizing distinctions of wealth andpower.)

深度分析:

这个句子的主干是:individuals could interact with one another

修饰一:(In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations) ,介词短语,

中文:在小规模的当地的平等或半平等的组织的多样性中

修饰二:(for fellowship, worship, and production) ,介词短语,修饰organizations

中文:目的是关于协会、崇拜和生产

修饰三:(that flourished in this laissez-faire environment) ,从句,修饰organizations

中文:这些组织在这种放任自由的环境中繁荣发展

修饰四:(within a community of harmony and ideological equality) ,介词短语

中文:在一个和谐以及意识平等的社区中

修饰五:(following their own popularly elected leaders),非谓语动词

中文:追随他们自己选出的领导

修饰六:(governing themselves by shared consensus) ,非谓语动词

中文:通过共识而实现自我管理

修饰七:(while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power.) ,非谓语动词

中文:在最小化财富和权利差异的同时

参考翻译:

当地有很多有关协会、崇拜和生产的小规模平等或半平等的组织(这些组织在这种放任自由的环境中繁荣发展),在这些组织的多样性中,大家能在一个和谐以及意识平等的社区中互相交流,追随他们自己选出的领导,并且在最小化财富和权利差异的同时,通过共识而实现自我管理。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:鱼类血液温度交换系统

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例:

In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.

结构划分:

(In a countercurrent exchange system), the blood vessels (carrying cooled blood from the flippers) run close enough to the blood vessels (carrying warm blood from the body) (to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels); thus, the heat is transferred (from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels) (before it reaches the flipper itself).

深度分析:

修饰一:(In a countercurrent exchange system),介词短语

中文:在逆流交换系统中

修饰二:(carrying cooled blood from the flippers),非谓语动词,修饰the blood vessels

中文:携带来自鳍部的冷血

修饰三:(carrying warm blood from the body) ,非谓语动词,修饰the blood vessels

中文:携带来自身体的温血

修饰四:(to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels) ,非谓语动词

中文:以便从带有温血的血管中获取热量

修饰五:(from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels) ,介词短语

中文:由流出的血管到流进的血管

修饰六:(before it reaches the flipper itself),从句

中文:在到达鳍部前

参考翻译:

在逆流交换系统中,携带来自鳍部的冷血的血管非常接近携带来自身体的温血的血管以便从带有温血的血管中获取热量;因此,在到达鳍部前,热量通过由流出的血管到流进的血管完成了热量转移。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:英国电视广告管理者的批评

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例:

The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for “misleadingness”—creating a wrong impression either intentionally orunintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.

结构划分:

The Independent Television Commission, (regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom), has criticized advertisers for “misleadingness”(—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—)(in an effort)(to control advertisers' use of techniques)(that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construct ion of a toy.)

深度分析:

修饰一:(regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom) ,同位语

中文:英国电视广告的管理者

修饰二:(—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—),破折号和非谓语动词

中文:他们有意或无意营造了一个错误的印象

修饰三:(in an effort) ,介词短语

中文:努力

修饰四:(to control advertisers' use oftechniques),非谓语动词

中文:控制广告商对技术的使用

修饰五:(that make it difficult forchildren to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.) ,从句,修饰techniques

中文:这些技术使孩子很难去判断玩具的真实大小、动作、性能以及构造

参考翻译:

英国电视广告的管理者即独立电视委员会批评广告商的“误导”(他们有意或无意营造了一个错误的印象),他们努力控制广告商对技术的使用,这些技术使孩子很难去判断玩具的真实大小、动作、性能以及构造。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:社会发展必须的文化及生产力

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例:

The fact that some societies domesticated animals and plants, discovered the use of metal tools, became literate, and developed a state should not make us forget that others developed pastoralism or horticulture (vegetable gardening) but remained illiterate and at low levels of productivity; a few entered the modern period as hunting and gathering societies.

词汇讲解:

domesticate /d?'mest?ke?t/ v. 驯养(动物)

literate /'l?t?r?t/ adj. 有读写能力的;有文化的

pastoralism /'p?st?r?l?z?m/ n. 田园主义(风格),畜牧主义

horticulture /'h??t?,k?lt??/ n. 园艺,园艺学

结构划分:

The fact (that some societies domesticated animals and plants, discovered the use of metal tools, became literate, and developed a state) should not make us forget (that others developed pastoralism or horticulture (vegetable gardening) but remained illiterate and at low levels of productivity); a few entered the modern period (as hunting and gathering societies.)

深度分析:

这个句子的主干就是:

The fact should not makeus forget

修饰一:that others developed pastoralism or horticulture (vegetable gardening) but remained illiterate and at low levels of productivity,从句

从句中还有一个A but B结构,要注意

中文:其它社会虽然发展了畜牧或园艺(蔬菜园艺),但依然没有文化并且生产力低下

修饰二:(that some societies domesticate danimals and plants, discovered the use of metal tools, became literate, and developed a state) ,从句,修饰fact。

这个同位语从句很长,其中一个并列结构:A, B, C, and D,这个从句把这个句子的主谓隔开了,大家注意断句

中文:一些社会驯养动植物、发现金属工具的用处、变得有文化以及发展出了一个国家

修饰三:(as hunting and gathering societies.),介词短语

中文:以狩猎和采集的社会

参考翻译:

一些社会驯养动植物、发现金属工具的用处、变得有文化以及发展出了一个国家,这样一个事实不应该使我们忘记:其它社会虽然发展了畜牧或园艺(蔬菜园艺),但依然没有文化并且生产力低下;少数以狩猎和采集的社会进入了现代时期。

篇5:托福阅读评分标准解析

托福阅读评分标准解析 备考前先了解评分规则

一.托福阅读评分标准

新托福阅读每篇题量为12-14题,每篇阅读除了最后一道题为2分外,其余题目分值都是1分,所以托福阅读总的原始分值为45分。所以。同学们如果在考试中因为时间问题迫不得已要舍弃一道题目时,尽量不要舍弃小结题。一般情况下,这类题目是多选题,6个中选择3个,选错一个扣一分,错2个或3个不得分。具体的评分标准如下表:

原始分值最终得分原始分值最终得分原始分值最终得分
45303016155
44292916145
43292815134
42282714124
41272613113
40262512103
3925241192
3824231082
372322971
362221861
352120850
342019740
331918730
321817620
311716610

二.托福阅读加试也会影响成绩

如果阅读遇到加试,也有可能会影响阅读成绩。那么阅读加试是如何影响阅读成绩的呢?考试中只有一部分考生会遇到阅读加试,没有遇到加试的考试成绩不会有变动,按照上述评分标准来评分。但是参加加试的考生成绩可能会因为加试题目的情况,成绩产生一些变动,具体细则如下:

(1)如果考试正确率比加试正确率高,说明考题偏容易,也就是高分档的学生比较多,那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整,也就是给一些高分的学生减分。给哪些学生减分呢?当然是加试做得不好的学生。

(2)如果考试正确率比加试正确率低,说明考题偏难,也就是低分档的学生比较多,那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整,也就是给一些低分的学生加分。给哪些学生加分呢?当然是加试做得好的学生。

(3)如果考试正确率和加试正确率持平,实现了正态分布,考生的分数则不需要调整了。

之所以分数有波动是因为ETS为了在考生水平有波动的情况下,仍然能够给予考生一个相对较为公平的分数

实例解析托福阅读的排除题目

怎么样排除托福阅读的错误选项.托福阅读中的题目类型比较丰富,其中一种托福阅读题型要求大家排掉错误的选项,那么面对这种托福阅读题该怎么办呢?下面就来看看看具体方法。

排除题这种托福阅读题型很好辨认,每篇阅读0-2题,比较简单,一般就是在题干中会出现一个大写的单词EXCEPT、NOT、LESS。这是特别不受我们中国同学待见的一种题,因为从逻辑思维的角度上来说,要想从四个选项中把错误的那一个给找出来,我们要在大脑中对于四个选项的内容和原文进行四次匹配,才能完成一道这样的托福阅读题目。所以这种题目解题的时候,阅读量较细节题要大,思维活动的次数也比细节题要多,简言之,这种题就是来拖延时间,放慢你的解题速度的。因此同学们会发现,这种题目出现的频率不能高,现在ETS为了提高托福阅读的考试难度,所采用的一种方法就是在文章中增加排除题的出现频率。

解法:定位题干关键词回原文。正确选项应具备:

a 读选项,划ABCD选项关键词(名词)。

b 带着这些关键词到原文对应段落迅速定位阅读。

c. 没有找到对应点的或者和原文说法相矛盾的选项就是答案。

d. 当选项中同时出现看似未提及和明显矛盾的选项时,优先选择明显矛盾的选项。所以,在其他类型题目能作为正确选项的在这种题型中均是错误答案。 免费索取:托福考试参考资料

Tips:

此类托福阅读题难度是除文章总结题和图表题外最大的题型。因为它要求我们阅读的信息量超越了其他题目数倍。

做否定列举题的时候,因为答案中有三个正确的,所以内容可能会涉及不同的段落,记住要灵活变通。

通过上面的介绍可以发现这种托福阅读题型说简单也简单说不好做也不好做,那么只要掌握了托福阅读题的解答方法拿分还是很容易的,希望大家以后再做托福阅读时能够克服。

托福阅读的机考模式与考试强度

机考模式

新托福阅读考试分两种模式:Short Format以及Long Format。前者历时60分钟,要求学生在规定时间里完成三篇阅读约36-42道题目;而后者则将考试时间拉长至100分钟,按需完成60-70道题目。

本来这对学生来说只是“小菜一碟”,但自从新托福将考试形式由笔试改为电脑操作,这对很多人来说无疑是“当头一棒”。也许对大多数人来说看几个小时的网上新闻或是打上半天的游戏都不是什么新鲜事儿,但面对屏幕做上一两个小时的题目倒真不是随便可以信手拈来的。

建议各位正在准备托福 阅读备考的同学,平时要养成习惯通过电脑来阅读,至于阅读的内容将会在第四个点里再作详细介绍。关于这一点的备考和写作的备考策略是一致的,大家可以结合起来一起准备。

考试强度

无论是Short Format还是Longre Format,托福阅读考试强度上对考生的要求都是相当大的,新托福阅读部分每篇文章字数增至了700字左右。然而,在新托福阅读当中,对于初学者来说最难的不是单词,而是要求在规定时间里完成规定的题数。

新托福阅读不同于CET4,CET6,与高考也有很大区别,因为CET4、CET6与高考的阅读考试都是提供约4-5篇文章,然后出20道选择题,要求考生根据所读文章答题。最大的不同在于这些考试都没有要求做完每个科目考试所用的时间。

因此很多同学在一开始做托福 阅读的时候,十分不适应托福阅读的时间限制,有的人甚至在考前都没有克服这个问题。有的同学在考试前总是按一篇文章来练,认为自己在20分钟内(按总的时间平均分配到每篇阅读文章的用时)完成12-14题绰绰有余。但问题在于托福考试并非一篇一篇来考,而是将3篇或5篇看作一个整体来考验学生对强度的适应能力。

由此建议考生在托福 阅读备考期间一定要养成3篇一练或者5篇一练的习惯,培养自己在规定时间里完成尽可能多的题数,并保证一定的正确率。

托福阅读的做题策略

从题型来看,TOEFL阅读的特点是题量大,涉及的词汇面广。要想考好阅读,要求考生不光有扎实的英语基础,还需要精准的做题策略。

第一步:花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子,做一个简短的scanning,定位文章难易程度,以及了解文章大致主题。虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为11分钟,但是有的文章七八分钟便可以轻松对付,有的文章则需要15分钟左右,所以这其中的时间安排就需要考生自主调节。一般来说,5篇文章中有2篇难度大一些,按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好几道题甚至是来不及做,带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难易程度,同时目测文章的题量分布,这有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间,是非常必要的。

第二步:通过阅读文章结构来进一步进行scanning。所谓结构,即文章的骨架子。 TOEFL文章涉及人文社科和自然科学,大多是结构明确的议论文、说明文,它们最显著的特点是呈板块结构。 TOEFL文章均由数个自然段组成,正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透,文章首句经常为文章主题,然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读,文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句,同时也应该看一下第二句,如果有转折词,则此时第二句才是这一段的主旨。没有必要每个句子都理解,很多时候这样做无疑是白白浪费时间。以最快捷的方式了解文章大意,从而正确引导下一步做具体的题,而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。而自始至终考生应该遵循这条原则:看完文章,才能开始做题。

做题时,考生们应该明白以下道理:

1、有据可循。每篇文章题目都根据文章布局一步一步向前推进,即使有个别题打乱文章布局,在题干里总是有提供信息的关键词将考生带入文章的具体部位。

2、回归原文。做题时,根据题干或选项的关键词回归文章寻找重现关键词或其释义的语言区域,同时排除相应的选项。

3、整句分析。遇到难句子时,应该对其进行句子结构分析,排除修饰成分,寻找主干部分,从而迅速把握整个句子的意思,不要盯着单个的词不放,不然就会因小失大。

4、基于事实。每个问题的四个选项或者是对文章中相关部分的正确释度、或者是歪曲原文、或者与原文毫不相干。换句话说,命题专家在设置试题时会玩一些文字游戏,用各种表达形式让考生晕头转向、雾里看花。考生应该明白自己的职责是辨别真伪,找到符合文章意思和题意的选项。

篇6:新托福阅读评分标准解析

新托福阅读评分标准解析

一. 阅读评分标准解析

其实阅读题分数是有一个转化过程的,阅读题的原始分值和转化后的对应分值。新托福阅读每篇题量为12-14题,每篇阅读除了最后一道题为2分外,其余题目分值都是1分,所以托福阅读总的原始分值为45分。所以。同学们如果在考试中因为时间问题迫不得已要舍弃一道题目时,尽量不要舍弃小结题。一般情况下,这类题目是多选题,6个中选择3个,选错一个扣一分,错2个或3个不得分。

那么具体对应的分值转换又是怎么样的呢?我们一起来看看下面的表格就明白了:

原始分值最终得分原始分值最终得分原始分值最终得分
45303016155
44292916145
43292815134
42282714124
41272613113
40262512103
3925241192
3824231082
372322971
362221861
352120850
342019740
331918730
321817620
311716610

二. 影响阅读成绩的其他因素

如果阅读遇到加试,也有可能会影响阅读成绩。那么阅读加试是如何影响阅读成绩的呢?考试中只有一部分考生会遇到阅读加试,没有遇到加试的考试成绩不会有变动,按照上述评分标准来评分。但是参加加试的考生成绩可能会因为加试题目的情况,成绩产生一些变动,具体细则如下:

(1)如果考试正确率比加试正确率高,说明考题偏容易,也就是高分档的学生比较多,那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整,也就是给一些高分的学生减分。给哪些学生减分呢?当然是加试做得不好的学生。

(2)如果考试正确率比加试正确率低,说明考题偏难,也就是低分档的学生比较多,那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整,也就是给一些低分的学生加分。给哪些学生加分呢?当然是加试做得好的学生。

(3)如果考试正确率和加试正确率持平,实现了正态分布,考生的分数则不需要调整了。

之所以分数有波动是因为ETS为了在考生水平有波动的情况下,仍然能够给予考生一个相对较为公平的分数。

托福阅读长难句:建筑学结构

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet itspurpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them——evenwhile building materials have changed dramatically.(44)

大家先自己理解,多想想,先别看解析,看不明白,再看下面的解析。

(In order for the structure) (to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose), architecture employs methods of support that, (because they are based on physical laws), have changed little since people first discovered them—— (even while building materials have changed dramatically. )

老邪分析:一个句子重点在于主干,看懂了主干,就看懂了句子的主要成分。以下主干为句子中红色部分,括号里均是修饰成分。

修饰一:(In order for the structure),介词短语

修饰二:(to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose),非谓语做形容词性修饰structure

修饰三:(because they are based on physical laws),插入语,插入语记得先跳过去,断句别出问题,that和have changed是在一起的。

(老师,啥叫插入语?嗯,好问题,改天我专门讲讲这些概念。上过课并认真听的同学,你懂的。)

修饰四:(that have changed little sincepeople first discovered them.从句修饰support

修饰五:(even while building materials have changed dramatically. ),从句

括号外面的是主干:architectureemploys methods of support,注意support这里是名词。

已经拆成这么短了,你再试试看,应该能看懂了吧?其实在理解句子的时候比较容易犯错在于断句和语序,语序和中文有差异,下次我讲修饰成分的时候一并讲。

参考翻译:为了使结构达到必要的大小和强度去满足它的目的,建筑学上使用了一些支撑的方法,因为这些方法都是基于物理定律,所以尽管建筑材料已经发生了巨大变化,这些方法却自人们发现它们以来就没有什么变化。

看明白之后,别只看一遍,给我看几十遍!!没事就拿出来欣赏欣赏,直到你想吐为止。

读书百遍,其义自现,阅读最强的就是阅读。嗯,特别好!

托福阅读长难句100句是不断积累而来的。每个人英语水平不一样,你觉得这个句子有点难,你就记录下来,然后反复阅读,当你平时看得都是这样长句子的时候,再回去看TPO中正常的句子,你就会发现怎么一个句子两行就结束了,因为你平时看得都是五六行的句子,豁然开朗。)

托福阅读长难句:大气引擎

This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. (43, TPO6)

embody /?m'b?d?/ v. 体现(想法﹑ 感情等),使(想法﹑ 感情等)具体化;包括或含有某物

revolutionary /'r?v?'l???'n?ri/ adj. 革命的

employ = make use of sb/sth 使用

我是分界线,大家先自己分析哦。

This “atmospheric engine,” (invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen,) embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel (that it could not be employed outside the coal mines) (for which it had been designed.) (43, TPO6)

老邪分析:

修饰一:(invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen,) ,插入语,修饰this “atmospheric engine”,大家注意这里的断句,This “atmospheric engine” embodied revolutionary principles被隔开了,断句很重要

中文:由Thomas Savery发明并由他的搭档Thomas Newcomen大力改善的

修饰二:(that it could not be employed outside the coal mines) ,从句,so…that结构

中文:不能在煤矿的以外的地方使用

修饰三:(for which it had been designed.) ,从句,修饰coal mines

中文:引擎被设计

参考翻译:

这个由Thomas Savery发明并由他的搭档Thomas Newcomen大力改善的“大气引擎”体现了革命性的原理,但它如此慢和浪费燃料以致于不能再煤矿的以外的地方使用,尽管原来是这么设计的。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句和插入语,大家务必想清楚,每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么,才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

其实状语从句不是特别会影响大家对于句子的理解。

篇7:托福阅读官方评分标准

Railroads and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century United States

【1】By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9,000 miles of railroad track; Ten years later it had over 30,000 miles, more than the rest of the world combined. Much of the new construction during the 1850s occurred west of the Appalachian Mountains—over 2,000 miles in the states of Ohio and Illinois alone.

【2】The effect of the new railroad lines rippled outward through the economy. Farmers along the tracks began to specialize in corps that they could market in distant locations. With their profits they purchased manufactured goods that earlier they might have made at home. Before the railroad reached Tennessee, the state produced about 25,000 bushels (or 640 tons) of wheat, which sold for less than 50 cents a bushel. Once the railroad came, farmers in the same counties grew 400,000 bushels (over 10,000 tons) and sold their crop at a dollar a bushel.

【3】The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. In 1840 most northwestern grain was shipped south down the Mississippi River to the bustling port of New Orleans. But low water made steamboat travel hazardous in summer, and ice shut down traffic in winter. Products such as lard, tallow, and cheese quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans’ hot and humid warehouses. Increasingly, traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, over the new rail lines. Chicago became the region’s hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South’s overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.

【4】A sharp rise in demand for grain abroad also encouraged farmers in the Northeast and Midwest to become more commercially oriented. Wheat, which in 1845 commanded $1.08 a bushel in New York City, fetched $2.46 in 1855; in similar fashion the price of corn nearly doubled. Farmers responded by specializing in cash crops, borrowing to purchase more land, and investing in equipment to increase productivity.

【5】As railroad lines fanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois and then Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production. Commercial agriculture transformed this remarkable treeless environment. To settlers accustomed to eastern woodlands, the thousands of square miles of tall grass were an awesome sight. Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestem all grew higher than a person. Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. In 1837, however, John Deere patented a sharp-cutting steel plow that sliced through the sod without soil sticking to the blade. Cyrus McCormick refined a mechanical reaper that harvested fourteen times more wheat with the same amount of labor. By the 1850s McCormick was selling 1,000 reapers a year and could not keep up with demand, while Deere turned out 10,000 plows annually.

【6】The new commercial farming fundamentally altered the Midwestern landscape and the environment. Native Americans had grown corn in the region for years, but never in such large fields as did later settlers who became farmers, whose surpluses were shipped east. Prairie farmers also introduced new crops that were not part of the earlier ecological system, notably wheat, along with fruits and vegetables.

【7】Native grasses were replaced by a small number of plants cultivated as commodities. Corn had the best yields, but it was primarily used to feed livestock. Because bread played a key role in the American and European diet, wheat became the major cash crop. Tame grasses replaced native grasses in pastures for making hay.

【8】Western farmers altered the landscape by reducing the annual fires that had kept the prairie free from trees. In the absence of these fires, trees reappeared on land not in cultivation and, if undisturbed, eventually formed woodlots. The earlier unbroken landscape gave way to independent farms, each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem of animals, woodlots, and crops, whose large, uniform layout made western farms more efficient than the more-irregular farms in the East.

篇8:托福阅读官方评分标准

1.According to paragraph 1, each of the following is true about railroad track in the United States EXCEPT:

A.In 1850 the United States had less than 10,000 miles of railroad track.

B.By the end of the 1850s, Ohio and Illinois contained more railroad track than any other state in the country.

C.Much of the railroad track built in the United States during the 1850s was located west of the Appalachian Mountain.

D.By 1860 there were more miles of railroad track in the United States than in any other country.

2.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the new railroads had which of the following effects on farm communities?

A.Most new farms were located along the tracks.

B.Farmers began to grow wheat as a commercial corp.

C.Many farmers decided to grow a wider variety of crops.

D.Demand for manufactured goods increased among farmers.

3.The word “bustling” in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to

A.famous.

B.important.

C.growing.

D.busy.

4.According to paragraph 3, in what way did the new rail networks change western trade?

A.Northwestern farmers almost completely stopped shipping goods by steamboat.

B.Many western goods began to be shipped east by way of Chicago rather than south to New Orleans.

C.Chicago largely replaced New York and other eastern cities as the final market for goods for the West.

D.The value of goods shipped west soon became greater than the value of goods shipped east.

5.According to paragraph 3, what was a disadvantage of shipping goods from northwestern areas to New Orleans?

A.There was no reliable way to get goods from New Orleans to eastern cities.

B.The cost of shipping goods by river to New Orleans continued to increase.

C.Goods shipped from New Orleans' neighboring areas had a significant competitive advantage because of their lower transportation costs.

D.The temperatures and humidity.

6.Paragraph 4 supports the idea that the price of wheat more than doubled between 1845 and 1855 because

A.the price of corn nearly doubled during that same period.

B.demand for grain increased sharply outside the United States.

C.farmers in the Northeast and Midwest began to specialize in cash crops.

D.many farmers had borrowed heavily to purchase land and equipment for raising wheat.

7.The word “transformed” in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to

A.dominated.

B.changed.

C.improved.

D.created.

8.The word “erected” in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to

A.looked for.

B.lived on.

C.preferred.

D.built.

9.Why does author point out that “Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestem all grew higher than a person”(paragraph 5)?

A.To provide a reason why people from the eastern woodlands of the United States were impressed when they saw the prairie.

B.To identify an obstacles to the development of the railroad lines fanning out from Chicago.

C.To explain why the transformation of the prairies by commercial agriculture was so remarkable.

D.To provide evidence supporting the claim that the prairies had fertile, deep black soil.

10.According to paragraph 5, the first settlers generally did not farm open prairie land because

A.they could not plow it effectively with the tools that were available.

B.prairie land was usually very expensive to buy.

C.the soil along boundaries between the forest and the prairie was more fertile than the soil of the open prairie.

D.the railroad lines had not yet reached the open prairie when the first settlers arrived.

11.The word “surpluses” in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to

A.extra goods

B.commercial goods

C.unprocessed goods

D.transportable goods

12.According to paragraph 8, prairie farmers changed the landscape by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

A.Reducing annual fires.

B.Dividing the land into large, regularly-shaped lots.

C.Planting trees that eventually formed woodlots.

D.Fencing off their farms.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The problems were not limited to routes of transport.

The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. ■【A】In 1840 most northwestern grain was shipped south down the Mississippi River to the bustling port of New Orleans. ■【B】But low water made steamboat travel hazardous in summer, and ice shut down traffic in winter. ■【C】Products such as lard, tallow, and cheese quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans' hot and humid warehouses. ■【D】Increasingly, traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, over the new rail lines. Chicago became the region's hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.

14. Prose Summary

The huge expansion of rail lines in Midwestern United States during the 1850s had major economic and environmental effects.

A.Construction of new rail lines into the Midwest had been effectively stopped by the Appalachian Mountains, but by 1850 improved construction technology had made further advances possible.

B.Rail lines to Chicago and on to the East made it easier to get Midwestern goods to distant markets, while growing demand encouraged crop specialization and led to higher crop prices.

C.Because of the growing volume of traffic coming by rail from the Northeast and Midwest, the value of goods arriving in New Orleans for shipment to markets abroad increased dramatically.

D.Access to rail lines combined with the development of more-efficient farming equipment allowed e fertile land of the open prairies to be used for large-scale commercial agriculture.

E.Reduction of annual prairie fires allowed trees to reappear, and native grasses were replaced by a few commercially grown plants as previously unbroken grasslands were divided into large fenced fields.

F.Native Americans had grown corn on the prairies for years but had not produced large surpluses because the varieties they planted had far poorer yields than those introduced by commercial farmers.

篇9:托福阅读官方评分标准

1.否定细节题:定位句 By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9,000 miles of railroad track;对应 A 选项。定位句 Much of the new construction during the 1850s occurred west of the Appalachian Mountains E over 2.000 miles in the states of Ohio and Illinois alone.对应C选项,同时由于该句子中没有出 现有关Ohio and Illinois比较的相关信息.因此B选项错误。定位句then years later it had over 30,000 miles,more than the rest of the world combined. 对应D选项。

2.推断题:定位句The effect of the new railroad lines rippled outward through the economy. Farmers along the tracks began to specialize in corps that they could market in distant locations. With their profits they purchased manufactured goods that earlier they might have made at home.意思是说因为铁路建设带动了经济,农民开始有钱了,于是就开始买手工制品了。因此就可以推断出,农民有钱了就有了买东西的欲望和需求。

3.bustling, 繁忙的,对应D。

4.细节题:定位句 The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. Chicago became the legion's hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2.000 miles of track in 1855.意思是铁路的建设转移了西方贸易的方向,芝加哥成为了贸易中心,取代了原先的新奥尔良。因此答案是B。

5.细节题:Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.意思是说因为虽然货物本身的价值在增加,但是南部的市场份额却在下降,就暗示了越来越少人的人愿意通过该途径运货,即要么速度太慢要么成本太高。因此这道题的答案是B。

6.细节题:定位句A sharp rise in demand for grain abroad also encouraged farmers in the Northeast and Midwest to become more commercially oriented.国外的粮食需求猛增,然后该段最后出现的结果就是价格上升。

7.transform,变形,对应B。

8.erect,建立,对应D。

9.修辞目的题:定位句As railroad lilies fanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois and then Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production.该段的主旨:农民将肥沃的黑土投入生产中,题干中的信息是一个具体的例子,表明的是具体的产物。

10.细节题:定位句 Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie.原因是梨不能穿透草地,因此答案只可能是A。

11.surpluses,剩余,多余的东西,选A。

12.否定细节题:定位句 Western farmers altered the landscape by reducing the annual fires that had kept the prairie free from trees.对应A选项。定位句The earlier unbroken landscape gave to independent farms, each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern.对应D选项。定位句 The earlier unbroken landscape gave to independent farms. each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem of animals, woodlots. and crops, whose large, uniform layout made western farms more efficient than the more -irregular farms in the East, checkerboard pattern 棋盘格样式,对应B选项。C选项错在没有提到planting trees。

13.句子插入题:原句的意思是问题不仅局限在道路运输上,因此我们可以推 断出该句子的下一句应该会提到其他的问题,因此第三个方框满足要求。前面再讲水路问题,后面讲到了天气和湿度问题。插入的句子正好起到了承上启下的作用。

14.Access to rail lilies combined with the development of more - efficient fanning equipment allowed fertile land of the open prairies of the open prairies to be used for large - scale commercial agriculture.正确。对应第二、五段,铁路的发展带动经济,农民获得土地,改进农作用具,提高农作物的产量。

Reduction of annual prairie fires allowed trees to reappear, and native grasses were replaced by a few commercially grown plants as previously unbroken grasslands were decided into large fenced fields.正确。对应第八段主旨,农民通过各式各样的方法改变地貌,发展农业。

E正确。对应第三段主要内容 The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. Chicago became the region's hub,linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2.000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.水利交通的没落和铁路运输的兴起。

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