1月11日托福综合写作机经真题回忆与解析
“kabol”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了6篇1月11日托福综合写作机经真题回忆与解析，以下是小编整理后的1月11日托福综合写作机经真题回忆与解析，希望能够帮助到大家。
篇1：1月11日托福综合写作机经真题回忆与解析
话题分类
生命科学类
考题回忆
1-总论点
三种阻止蝙蝠受到wind turbines伤害的方法。
2-阅读部分
论点1：不把wind turbines建在蝙蝠活动的地方
论点2：wind turbines晚上不运行
论点3：制造蝙蝠不喜欢的雷达不让蝙蝠靠近
3-听力部分
反驳1：蝙蝠活动的地方就不能得到足够的energy
反驳2：蝙蝠可能会再wind turbines上休息，早上开启是也会伤寒蝙蝠
反驳3：雷达会影响蝙蝠的繁殖系统
解题思路
此题是典型的听力反驳阅读的题型。文章中需要表明听力完全反驳阅读，并写清听力中出现的细节即可。
参考范文
The reading passage explores the issue that there are three ways to prevent bats from being harmed by wind turbines. The professor in the lecture, however, opposes those methods by providing three specific points.
First, the reading passage suggests that wind turbines can be constructed in the area where bats seldom live or forage, so that the harm caused by wind turbines can be decreased. Although the professor in the lecture admits that the first method is beneficial to bats, the area with frequent appearance of bats can not be powered by the wind turbines, which is inconvenient to people living in the same area. Therefore, the professor's argument disproves its counterpart in the reading.
Moreover, the writer states that we can turn off the wind turbines to avoid the harm towards bats. However, the professor contends that bats still can be hurt by the turbines in the morning, because if the turbines are turned off, bats tent to take a rest on the them.
Finally, the writer asserts that wind turbines can be facilitated radar which emits special range of sound waves to irritate bats, in which keeps bats away from those turbines. By contrast, the professor provides that the certain sound waves are bad for bats’ reproductive systems, so that the third method can cause more damage to bats species.
托福独立写作中的常用句型总结
一、提出背景的句式
It’s generally agreed that ... ... (人们普遍认为... ...)
There is a growing body of opinion that ... ... (越来越多的人认为... ...)
An increasing number of people have the tendency to believe that ... ... (越来越多的人倾向于认为... ...)
Some people, especially the old, believe that ... ... (一些人，尤其是老人，认为... ...)
Other people, the young in particular, argue that ... ... (别的人，尤其是年轻人，认为... ...)
Some current analyses conclude that ... ... (当下的一些分析表明... ...)
... ... is a heated topic in our times. (... ...是我们这个时代火热的一个话题)
The topic about ... ... has been raging for decades. (关于... ...的话题已经风行几十年了)
... ... is an eternal/a perpetual topic in our daily lives. (... ...是我们日常生活中一个永恒的话题)
... ... is one of the most talked about topics in the contemporary society. (... ...是当代社会讨论最多的话题之一)
Recently, the impact that ... ... has had on our daily lives, in general, is huge and undeniable. (近年来， ... ...对我们日常生活的影响，总的来说，是巨大且不可避免的)
With the gradual perfection and progressive amelioration of ... ..., sweeping changes have been brought into our lives. (随着... ...的不断完善和进一步提高，人们的生活发生了翻天覆地的变化)
In terms of ... ..., sometimes we find ourselves in dilemmas. (谈到... ...时，我们有时候会发现自己左右为难)
二、个人观点的句式
I am totally convinced that ... ... (我百分百确信... ...)
I personally tend to believe that ... ... (我个人倾向于认为... ...)
From my perspective, ... ... is without doubt a better option. (依我看，... ...毫无疑问是个更好的选择)
According to the evidence offered above, I can hardly agree that ... ... (综合以上证明，我很难同意... ...)
With respect to ... ..., I am pretty sure that I’m on the same/opposite side of it. (关于... ...，我很确定是站在正/反方的立场)
Although it’s no simple task for us to make a prudent and satisfying choice, I still wholeheartedly believe that ... ... (尽管对于我们来说，做一个谨慎友令人满意的选择是很困难的，但是我仍然全心全意地相信... ...)
三、引出争议的句式
There is no consensus on whether...yet. (关于是否该... ...，现在仍然没有一个定论)
Whether...is an issue open to debate. (是否该... ...，这是一个有待讨论的问题)
Whether...is a boon or bane is still open to debate. (... ...是好是坏/是对是错，这有待讨论)
The issue of whether…has triggered intense debate. (是否该... ...，这个问题引发了一个激烈的讨论)
The debate over whether...has been going on for a long time. (关于... ...的讨论已经持续很长时间了)
When it comes to ... ..., people tend to hold different viewpoints. (当谈到... ...的时候，人们倾向于持有不同的观点)
Most of the public tend to advocate that ... ... ,while I doubt whether the argument needs more analyses. (大多数人倾向于主张... ..., 但是我认为这有待进一步讨论)
托福写作备考之如何减少扣分点
托福写作作为输出型的考试形式，一直是考生最难得分的部分，考生总是感觉无话可说，无从下笔。本文通过托福作文清晰的结构安排和自查两方面，帮你有效的降低托福写作的扣分点，赶紧来看看吧!
大家都知道，在托福考试中，写作是一种偏主观输出的考试形式，与客观题相比，想要提高这部分的分数，我们除了平时认真备考，不断扩展思路和积累表达之外，在考试过程中还要尽量避免不必要的失分。其实很多同学都问过这样的问题：老师，我现在句子表达能力基本就是这个样子了，马上要考试，考试中有没有需要注意的细节，在我现有的水平上，尽量让自己的文章得分更高一点呢?其实是有的，那今天我们就分享一下如何在托福写作中减少扣分点，赶快来看看吧!
建立清晰的框架
写作不仅考查语言的表达，还考查思路的表达，新托福评分标准中就有这样一项：well organized and well developed。所以在写作中，给考官展现自己清楚的文章思路是很重要的，不管内容表达如何，我们首先要做到的就是框架清晰。
区分段落是最简单直接的方法。看到这里，可能有人会觉得好笑，但是真的是有学生考试一着急，加上时间紧，就忘记了分段，所以我们这里还要再强调一下。一般，综合写作建议分为四个自然段：第一段总述听力和阅读中的观点，后面三个自然段分点具体阐述(一个论点一个自然段，一般综合写作都会给出三方面的具体内容)。不建议只分两个自然段：一段总述，一段分析。因为分析部分还是需要清楚地告诉阅卷人，文章和听力总共表述了几层意思。如果都写在一些，容易给阅卷人造成漏点的假象。独立写作建议分为五个自然段：第一段引出论题，阐述自己的观点，中间三个自然段分三个方面阐述自己的理由，最后一个自然段进行总结。(如果只想到了两点原因，也可以写四个自然段，但是需要达到字数要求)
每一自然段的内容阐述建议按照以下顺序表达：主要观点 —— 具体阐述 —— 举例说明。我们在表达英文时，一定要记住，写每一个自然段的时候，都要首先提出主要观点。因为中英文表达逻辑不一样，中文习惯铺垫，我们写中文文章时，很喜欢在前面铺垫抒情，写了半天还不见主要观点，这是一种意境。但是在外国人的思想中，他们更喜欢直截了当的表达，所以每段第一句话，先把观点给他们，接下去再进行具体的阐述，这样阅卷人就会比较清楚地 get 到你想要表达的意思了。
写完文章要自查
在考试的过程中，文章写完之后还需要留出 2-3 分钟的时间进行自查，这一步也很重要的。因为是机考，我们需要把内容敲在屏幕上，所以在写作过程中，就避免不了会出现一些比较低级的错误，比如拼写，如果错误较多，就算文章写得不错，也会影响到阅卷人的心情，自然，分数也就达不到预期的效果。总的来看，大家经常会出现以下几种错误，我们总结一下，以便大家自查。
拼写错误
在考试中，考生会遇到两种情况：一种是打字的误打，另一种是对单词本身 记忆的错误，因此不仅需要考生在平时的备考过程中多多进行上机练习，熟悉用键盘打字，还要求考生在平时注意背单词的精确性。
时态错误
托福写作除了拿过去事件作为例子用过去时态之外，一般使用现在时态，所以大家在检查的时候需要注意时态的运用，千万不能各种时态混用。
词性错误
英文中，每种词性都有具体的用法，最常见的词性错误是形容词和副词的混用，检查时需要重点关注一下。
句子表达是否完整
受中文影响，很多同学在英语写作中经常会出现一些表达不完整或者特别中式的句子。在写英语句子时，我们一定要遵循五大句型的句子结构，然后再将修饰成分填充进去，切记简单粗暴的词词对应。另外这里还需要强调一点，考生不能为了追求句子表达所谓的“高大上”去乱用句子，正所谓用错还不如不用。
托福写作范文：探索太空是否是资源浪费
独立写作题目
Independent Writing:
It is a waste of time to spend funds on space travel or space exploration.
Nowadays, an increasing number of citizens are discussing the recent launch of ShenZhou carrier rocket. While there are some people who claim that this kind of launch is a waste of money or time because it could not bring any benefits for citizens, I hold a different opinion. From my perspective, space exploration is necessary.
Admittedly, space travel or space exploration would waste a large sum of money. By spending much money on doing research regarding outer space life, government loses their focus on civil life where many people are suffering from starvation, air pollution and epidemics. Under this circumstance, there is no doubt that people would complain about government’s aloft behaviors. However,if viewing from a different angle, space exploration is a long time investment. Never should we expect the journey would bring immediate economic returns to the country. In this case, space travel and space exploration is quite helpful for the country.
To begin with, space exploration might bring benefits for us to search for new energy resource. That is to say, other planets may be rich in certain kinds of resources that are in great shortage on the earth. According to the report released after the exploration to the Mars, the officials from NASA confirms that Mars contains a great volume of natural gas and iron. Moreover, engineers have also noticed that these resources on the planet are able to explore, and if they could solve the problem of long time transportation, these resources could be used on the earth. Consequently, the use of natural gas will not consume burning of petroleum and make our planet a better place to live in.
In addition, space exploration aims to improve level of technology. In other words, it is the development of advanced technology that makes it possible to explore the outer space. It is usually the case that without the technology of launching satellite into the space, it is impossible for people to conduct research. As a result, scientists have to improved their knowledge in related areas so that they could guarantee the launch of these rockets, as well as satellites. Meanwhile, to ensure astronauts’ safety in the outer space, scientists have to repeated work on their suits in order to keep astronauts away from radioactivity. Also, to fill with enough oxygen, scientists have to run encapsulation tests again and again. Only if these equipment are guaranteed can astronauts be safely working in the outer space.
To sum up, the seemly useless space exploration would cost a large sum of money; however, this space activity could still bring benefits in both new energy searching and technology improvement.
篇2：1月12日托福综合写作真题回忆与解析
201月12日托福综合写作真题回忆与解析
话题分类
社会科学。
考题回忆
1-总论点
Whitehead was the first person who had invented the airplane in 1901, which was 2 years earlier than Wright Brothers.
2-阅读部分
All these three evidence are not true.
(1) The lacking of photographs can’t indicate that Whitehead had invented the Airplane in 1901. Actually, drawings was the most popular way appearing on the newspaper. The news may be made up by some reporter to publish an eye-catching event, therefore it was unreliable.
(2) The design of the plane was unreasonable because it had just one single-level wings, and it could not fly at that time.
(3) Whitehead sold the engine which was designed by himself to many aircraft builders, who couldn’t manufactured an airplane successfully. Thus the author thought the engine of the airplane couldn’t function well.
3-听力部分
Refute each point raised in reading part separately.
These evidence are more stronger than we thought.
(1) Because of the limit of the technology, most of the news press adopted drawings instead of photos. Because the experiment of flying was in the early morning, With dim light and the fast moving of the plane, it was difficult to capture enough high quality photographs.
(2) In the modern time, some scientists completely copy the design of Whitehead, which indicates that this kind of design is able to work well.
(3) It is true that those aircraft builders couldn’t invented the airplane successfully, but Whitehead should not be to blame for it. Since there was the limit of technology and lack of knowledge, it was normal not being able to create the plane. Furthermore, it could proved the good quality of the engine that so many people buying it.
解题思路
总写阅读材料和听力材料的主题与关系。
用听力材料中的内容一一反驳阅读材料中的观点。
托福词汇背诵的七大误区
1. 背托福单词拼写，但是不注意中文意思。其实我们在应用一门语言的时候，最常用的能力是认识的能力，换句话说，也就是阅读的能力，这个是我们最常用的能力，我们首先要解决这个问题，换句话说，对于一个单词，我们首先要知道这个单词的中文意思是什么，而至于单词的拼写，只要考试之前多写，就会发现自己常用的单词，然后这些单词，写多了，自然也就会拼写了。这一点非常重要，切记!背单词，一定要注重中文意思，而不是拼写。
2. 绝大多数人都需要背单词。不管你是国际学校、亦或者是海外留学生，都是需要背单词的。很多考友认为自己过了大学6级就不用背单词，实际上过了大学6级的水平，也就是托福60分上下的水平，真的与100分的要求相差的还很远。
反过来，哪些人不用背单词呢?1，sat分以上， 2，gre300以上，亦或者是托福阅读26分以上，如果你没有达到上面的任何一个要求的话，那么，你就必须要背单词!
3. 只背托福单词。其实托福考试的单词书，是有一个传统的，也就是绝大多数的材料都是针对高分通过大学英语6级的人来准备的。
因此，现在市面上几乎所有的托福单词书全都是默认去掉了大学4级单词的。但是实际上，现在很多考友也就是大学4级水平，甚至更低。对于这部分人来说，第一步应该背的是大学4级单词，有的人甚至需要背高中单词，而不是只背一本托福单词，就完事大吉的。
4. 背多本托福单词书。就市面上所有主流的托福单词书，其实所涵盖的单词都是差不多的，除了那本托福10000，其他的单词书都是可以的。托福10000所列出的单词很多都不会考到，是过难了。除此之外，绝大多数的单词书都是差不多的。只要背完里面的任意一本，就可以保证涵盖90%以上其他的单词书了，因此没有必要背很多本同样级别的单词书。
5. 每天背不同的单词。在背单词的道里面，已经说了，背单词的最好的方法就是反复、大量、多次背相同的单词。可是很多考友很喜欢第一天背1-3list，第二天背4-6list，第三天背7-9list，第四天就崩溃了，发现前面背的单词全都忘了。
马上感叹背单词是不靠谱的，自己背不下来单词的。但是这么背单词是不对的，应该第一天、第二天、第三天、直至第十天都应该背1-9单元，每天都把1-9单元看很多遍才对，这样才是背单词。前面那样的每天背不同的单词，那是在相亲!而托福需要的是谈恋爱，也就是大宝天天见!
6. 背托福单词的多个释义。其实对于人类来说，最容易记住的，是一对一的关系，最可怕的就是需要记住一个网络。我们在背单词的时候也是这样，如果一开始背单词的时候，就试图记住单词的多个释义，那么会让我们在背单词的效率上大打折扣!因此我们应该在背单词的时候，只记住自己最熟悉的意思。当我们把这个单词背下来之后，再背其他的释义，要知道，背单词的时候，扩展永远是比一开始背这个单词要简单很多的。
7. 忽略词性。其实在分析句意的时候，单词的词性是一个超级重要的辅助因素!因为如果没有单词词性的辅助，我们会经常无法判断错误单词的逻辑结构的，因此，在背单词的时候，除了背单词的最贴近自己生活的释义，还要把词性也记下来，这一点非常重要!
托福写作怎么提高 三个方法增强文章连贯性
一般来说，衔接手段可以分成三个层次，词汇衔接 (lexical cohesion)、语法衔接 (grammatical cohesion)、修辞衔接 (rhetorical cohesion)。
(一)词汇衔接
- 原词重复 (direct repetition) 、同义词 (synonyms)、反义词 (antonyms)
- 来自于相同语义场 (semantic field) 和词汇链 (lexical chains) 的单词
- 使用one/ ones进行词汇替代 (substitution)
(二)语法衔接
- 指代 (reference): 代词、冠词
- 使用 so/ do/ does/ did 等进行从句元素替代
- 比较级
- 时态
(三)修辞衔接
- 提问与回答
-平行结构 (parallelism)
下面我们结合托福一个写作题目和对应的高分范文 (high-level responses) 进行讲解。
Question:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
People benefit more from traveling in their own country than from traveling to foreign countries.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Be sure to use your own words. Do not use memorized examples.
Source: TOEFL? Test Preparation: The Insider’s Guide
上面这个题目需要考生思考并比较在本国旅游和在外国旅游各自的好处，然后决定是否同意 “人们在本国旅游获得的益处比在外国旅游获得的益处更多” 这个观点。在这里我们给各位提供官方选取的高分回答，第一篇来自挪威的Aarcha Z.同学，第二篇来自中国的_同学。
01
Aarcha 同学对于题目持有不同意的观点 (Disagree)，她认为到国外旅游好处更多。以下是她的主旨句 (Thesis Statement) 。
“I think that people benefit more from traveling to foreign countries.”
我们这里节选她文章其中一个主体段。
In addition to that, travelling to another country gives you the perfect excuse to learn a new language. For example, I’m planning to go to France next year, and I’ve already started learning basic French with the help of apps on my mobile phone. [Learning a new language] is a wonderful thing, as it not only helps you get around in foreign countries, but also makes you attractive in the job market. If you’re travelling in your own country, you will never truly need to learn a new language, and will therefore miss out on the opportunity that it brings.
分析：
该文段使用的衔接手段主要是：(一)词汇衔接中的同义词(二)语法衔接中的代词指代 (reference)
首先 “that” 是一个代词，指代文中第一个理由 “to experience new sights, cultures and food”; 另外， “another country” 是题目中 “foreign countries” 的另外一种表达形式; “it” 用来表示 “learning a new language” 的意思。全段100个单词，出现了4处衔接手段的使用，使得段落内容清晰紧密。
02
_同学对于题目持有同意的观点 (Agree)，他认为在国内旅游好处更多。以下是他的主旨句 (Thesis Statement) 。
“I deem I can benefit more from travelling in my own countries.”
我们这里节选他文章中两个主体段来分析其使用衔接手段的情况。
The most critical reason is time. As a traveler, I would prefer spending more time exploring my destination rather than getting stuck at the security checkpoint, sitting in the airplane, and waiting in a long queue at the custom, which are often associated with international travel. For example, if I have a week of vacation, instead of spending 2 days on the way, I could choose a destination that may only take me [a] couple [of] hours to get there that means I have 1 extra more vacation day.
Secondly, ….
Lastly, international trip can cost travelers significantly more comparing to a domestic one. Admittedly, cost of a trip is often determined personal choice and preference but a lot of fees, such as visa and currency exchange, are often inevitable. In addition, to save money in another unknown country can be a lot more challenging.
分析：
该文段使用的衔接手段主要是：(一)词汇衔接-同义词; 词汇衔接- one/ ones 替代(二)语法衔接中的比较级 (三)修辞衔接中的平行结构 (parallelism)
首先第一段中连续使用了三个平行结构来表达到国外旅游可能会遇到的不方便 “getting stuck at the security checkpoint” , “sitting in the airplane” , “waiting in a long queue at the custom”, 另外， “international travel” 以及第三段中的 “international trip” 是同义词，“domestic” 是题目中 “in their own country” 同义表达，最后 “domestic one” 当中的 “one” 也是为了避免重复前面的内容而进行指代的。
这些衔接手段的使用增加了上下文内容的连贯性，也丰富了语言表达形式，使得段落内容清晰紧密生动。 两段的内容不算多，但单从衔接手段的角度来讲还是值得各位考生学习和借鉴的。
篇3：1月11日托福综合写作真题回忆及解析
The reading passage explores the issue that there are three ways to prevent bats from being harmed by wind turbines. The professor in the lecture, however, opposes those methods by providing three specific points.
First, the reading passage suggests that wind turbines can be constructed in the area where bats seldom live or forage, so that the harm caused by wind turbines can be decreased. Although the professor in the lecture admits that the first method is beneficial to bats, the area with frequent appearance of bats can not be powered by the wind turbines, which is inconvenient to people living in the same area. Therefore, the professor's argument disproves its counterpart in the reading.
Moreover, the writer states that we can turn off the wind turbines to avoid the harm towards bats. However, the professor contends that bats still can be hurt by the turbines in the morning, because if the turbines are turned off, bats tent to take a rest on the them.
Finally, the writer asserts that wind turbines can be facilitated radar which emits special range of sound waves to irritate bats, in which keeps bats away from those turbines. By contrast, the professor provides that the certain sound waves are bad for bats’ reproductive systems, so that the third method can cause more damage to bats species.
年托福写作备考建议
1. 话题素材积累
好的文章离不开充实的内容，想要自己的文章充满论证细节而非言之无物、内容具体而非抽象难懂，离不开相关话题表达的积累。同时大家也可以通过学习范文，不仅能将好的语言表达收入囊中，也可以通过归纳文章思路，在切题、观点展开和连贯性的三个维度进行学习。
2. 重视历年机经
从近年的考题情况来看，多数考题仍是在重复历年机经题。建议大家在考前大量刷题写提纲;同时也推荐同学们关注考前机经预测，调整备考状态。
3. 练习加上批改
光说不练假把式，但是光练不改真的就容易practice makes mistakes fossilized，练了七八遍的错误，自己都会觉得“没毛病啊”;所以写完记得一定要批改呢，写一篇有一篇的收获，祝大家越写越好。
篇4：1月11日托福综合写作真题回忆及解析
马上要到年底申请了，托福写作还是拖后腿怎么办?不少同学在答写作题时都喜欢套用模板，但我们往往会发现：用了一个很牛的模板，写了100多个词，还是上不了20分?
同学们，你们以为ETS的阅卷人是吃素的吗?你自以为的 “高分作文”，人家可是一眼就能看出来是千篇 一律的模板。
那么，怎样写才能写出一篇好作文呢?
写出一篇高分作文，首先思路要正确，要站在出题人的角度思考问题。
我们用一个写作话题举例：“为了晋升，到底要承担更多(个体)工作，还是更多参与团队任务?”。有同学一上来看到 “团队” 二字就乐开花，大书特书团队合作如何效率高，只字不提对“个体晋升” 这件事。ETS花半天出了题，我们是不是应该多思考一些再落笔?比如这道题，我们既要写出团队协作的效率高，又要写出个体晋升的便携性，有对比才能显出文章的深度。即便准备了模板，也要想想怎么把模板里面有价值的信息逻辑正确地嵌入到文章里。
说完思路，我们来说说语言方面，ETS要求正确和逻辑流畅的句子。至于那种5句话里面就有5个逗号，1个连词都没有，像 “there have many people say” 这种，男阅卷人看了要沉默，女阅卷人看了要流泪，我们是不是还要在基本语法上多下些功夫?
如果一篇文章如果审题思路有偏差，例子不清晰，语言也凌乱，又怎么值得24+的分数呢?
篇5：1月12日托福综合写作真题与解析
201月12日托福综合写作真题回忆与解析
话题分类
社会科学。
考题回忆
1-总论点
Whitehead was the first person who had invented the airplane in 1901, which was 2 years earlier than Wright Brothers.
2-阅读部分
All these three evidence are not true.
(1) The lacking of photographs can’t indicate that Whitehead had invented the Airplane in 1901. Actually, drawings was the most popular way appearing on the newspaper. The news may be made up by some reporter to publish an eye-catching event, therefore it was unreliable.
(2) The design of the plane was unreasonable because it had just one single-level wings, and it could not fly at that time.
(3) Whitehead sold the engine which was designed by himself to many aircraft builders, who couldn’t manufactured an airplane successfully. Thus the author thought the engine of the airplane couldn’t function well.
3-听力部分
Refute each point raised in reading part separately.
These evidence are more stronger than we thought.
(1) Because of the limit of the technology, most of the news press adopted drawings instead of photos. Because the experiment of flying was in the early morning, With dim light and the fast moving of the plane, it was difficult to capture enough high quality photographs.
(2) In the modern time, some scientists completely copy the design of Whitehead, which indicates that this kind of design is able to work well.
(3) It is true that those aircraft builders couldn’t invented the airplane successfully, but Whitehead should not be to blame for it. Since there was the limit of technology and lack of knowledge, it was normal not being able to create the plane. Furthermore, it could proved the good quality of the engine that so many people buying it.
解题思路
总写阅读材料和听力材料的主题与关系。
用听力材料中的内容一一反驳阅读材料中的观点。
如何提高托福写作 这些最常见的语法错误不能有
自从托福机考开始在全世界普及之后，托福写作部分也随之引入了电子考官(e-rater)进行写作评分。电子考官相较于普通考官，在托福写作的语法评分上表现得尤为苛刻。也正因如此，同学们在准备托福独立写作的时候，语法部分千万不能掉以轻心。
虽然很多同学的语法知识还算扎实，但在长期的教学和作文批改中，我发现同学们在应用过程中，常犯的语法错误还是挺多。其中最为普遍的就是以下句子里出现的错误。讲解之前，希望大家可以拿出纸笔，先自己试着改改。
1.A movie that inspires deep emotions.
2.I studied all night for the midterm, I’m sure I got an A.
3.Me and my brother are majoring in sports management.
4.Collecting seashells are my hobby.
5.Printed books are limited in space, however, space is not an issue for electronic ones.
6.There are many people prefer to wear clothes made of natural fibers.
7.A doctor’s salary is higher than a teacher.
8.Education for kid can be very costly.
找到它们的错误了吗?改好后，我们来看看答案，看看自己做得怎么样吧!
(注意：以下只给出了一种改正方法，但实际上可以有多种修正方式。理解错误原因是关键。)
1.A movie that inspires deep emotions.
2.I studied all night for the midterm, so I’m sure I got an A.
3.My brother and I are majoring in sports management.
4.Collecting seashellsismy hobby.
5.Printed books are limited in space; however, space is not an issue for electronic ones.
6.There are many people who prefer to wear clothes made of natural fibers.
7.A doctor’s salary is higher than a teacher’s.
8.Education for kids can be very costly.
对完答案，感觉怎么样?这个小练习我在课堂也经常做，通常来说，全部做对的同学较少，总有几句会有点问题。如果你全找对了，那你的语法功底很不错，恭喜你!如果没有，也不用灰心，这些问题都是可以改正的。只要你在意识到问题后，练习中自己多加注意并总结，就会有进步。
那说到底，这些句子的具体问题到底是什么呢?不用着急，接下来我们逐句分析。
01 Sentence Fragments
Sentence fragments，句子缺成分，就是指一个句子没有完整，通常来说，可能会缺失主语、谓语、宾语，有时也可能缺失从句或主句等等。
错误：A movie that inspires deep emotions.
这个句子本质上是缺失了谓语和宾语，去掉枝叶留主干，我们会发现这个句子只剩下A movie这一个主语，而没有其他构成句子所必需的谓语。补充完整可以是，A movie that inspires deep emotions seems good.
当然，也可以把that去掉，避免从句的结构，这样句子也是完整的，比如A movie inspires deep emotions.
托福写作中，同学们在短句中一般不会出现这样的错误，但是在写较长的句子，比如复合句等，有时因为添加太多修饰成分，会忘记主句并没有写完，导致出错。这点需要引起注意。
02 Run-on Sentences
Run-on Sentences，中文没有特别合适的翻译，指的就是两个或多个独立完整的句子，直接用逗号连接在一起，没有添加连词或者使用合适的标点符号。有时也被叫做comma splice。
这类错误在批改的学生习作中很常出现，也是较为严重的语法错误，希望同学们引起重视。
错误：I studied all night for the midterm, I’m sure I got an A.
这句话就是一个典型的run-on sentence。逗号前后都是完整独立的句子，用我们中文翻译就是“我所有的夜晚都在为期中考试学习，我很确定我得了A。”翻译看起来似乎完全没有问题，这是因为中文的语法没有太多对句间连接的规则，可以用逗号去连接所有的句子，这也是为什么会有“一逗到底”这样的写法出现。但在英文中，标点符号有它们明确的功能性，而句子不能仅用逗号去连接，“一逗到底”这种写法也是万万使不得的。
通常一个run-on的句子，我们有以下五种方法去改正：
a.把逗号换成句号。
I studied all night for the midterm.I’m sure I got an A.
b.用连词(常见连词FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)去连接。
I studied all night for the midterm, soI’m sure I got an A.
c.把逗号换成分号。
I studied all night for the midterm;I’m sure I got an A.
d.逗号换分号之后，再加连接副词(however, therefore, etc.)
I studied all night for the midterm; therefore,I’m sure I got an A.
e.把其中一句变成从句，改成复合句。
BecauseI studied all night for the midterm, I’m sure I got an A.
03 Pronouns
代词因为可以替代前面出现的名词，大大简化句子，避免重复以及增强连贯性，因而很推荐学生们在文中使用。但代词的正确使用，也是同学们在托福中较常出现的问题。
错误：Me and my brother are majoring in sports management.
这句话中，Me作为“我”的代词，使用错误。一个代词的正确使用，首先需要注意它在句子中的作什么成分，主语?宾语?确定之后，再用相应的格式。
在错误句子中，“我”是做主语，所以应该换成I，而我们在讨论有其他人存在时，要先说其他人，所以正确的表达是My brother and I are majoring in sports management.
一句题外话，有同学可能会问，这里为什么是are不是am?很好的问题。这就是主谓一致的问题，可以补充下：当主语是用and连接的两者，那么谓语动词用复数形式。
04 Subject-Verb Agreement
主谓一致性。每句话中都会有主语和谓语动词，和中文不一样的是，在英语表达中，谓语动词是必须随着主语的变化而随之变化的。
一般同学们在这部分问题不大(复数主语的动词不加s，第三人称单数的动词需要加s)，但有些情况同学们容易搞混，比如前面给出的错误句子。
错误：Collecting seashells are my hobby.
这里需要注意的是，动名词(gerunds)即-ing，做主语，谓语动词通常是单数形式。
Colleting seashells is my hobby.
Writing letters is no longer necessary.
主谓一致这个话题其实除了动名词以外，还有很多细节和不同情况可说，但受篇幅所限，这里就不再展开。
05 Transitional Adverb
连接副词，也是在写作中很青睐的逻辑连接词，比如however, therefore, nevertheless, moreover, thus, hence 等等，都是非常好用，也能增加连贯性的词汇。但在使用中，同学们有时会把它们当做连词(conjunction)去直接连接两个句子，实际上，它们都是副词(transitional adverb)，在使用中需要和分号或者句号来使用。
错误：Printed books are limited in space, however, space is not an issue for electronic ones.
通过前面的讲解，所以上面这个错误很明显，就是however和逗号连用，本质上成了我们第二点所提到的run-on sentence，那么改法就和第二点里说到的五种方法一样了。最简单的，就是把中间的逗号改成分号，即Printed books are limited in space; however, space is not an issue for electronic ones.
06 There be
There be句式是同学们常用的一个句式，但在使用中需要注意的是，there be这里面已经包含了动词be，所以在后面继续添加动词时，需要使用从句，或者改成非谓语动词。
错误：There are many people prefer to wear clothes made of natural fibers.
比如这句里面，prefer就是这句的第二个动词，应该进行改动。
正确：There are many people whoprefer to wear clothes made of natural fibers.
正确：There are many people preferringto wear clothes made of natural fibers.
07 Comparison
比较对象一致性，这点也是在写作中比较常遇到的问题。因为托福写作通常会有二者比较，甚至三者比较，那么同学们在写作中，进行两者的优缺点比较的时候，尤其要注意自己是否做到了比较对象的一致。
错误：A doctor’s salary is higher than a teacher.
这个句子就是错将“医生的工资”和“老师”进行比较，正确的应该是“医生的工资”和“老师的工资”进行比较。即应该是：A doctor’s salary is higher than a teacher’s.
08 Countable Nouns
在英文中，需要注意区分的是名词的可数和不可数性。可数名词在使用中，如果是泛指(这在托福写作中尤其常用，当你想说明一个普遍的道理时，通常都会泛指引出)，那么注意需要在此类名词前加不定冠词(如a/an)等，如果刚好不是指某一个，而是指一个群体，那么注意，需要用复数形式。这即是我们常说的“可数名词不裸奔”规则。
错误：Education for kid can be very costly.
这句话中kid就是可数名词，因为这里是说明“孩子的教育可能会很贵”，孩子在这只是泛指，因此kid应该改成kids，即正确的句子应该是：Education for kids can be very costly.
当然，这里所列举的语法错误，只是同学们较为普遍的错误，受篇幅和时间所限，只讲解了很小一部分，但这些错误认真理解后，基本能解决大家一大半的语法问题。同学们可以比对自己平时练习的作文，进行自我修正。每次记录、总结自己常犯的语法错误类型，在第二次练习时争取不犯，这样使自己的表达越来越精准。若想精益求精，系统学习语法也不失为一个好方法。
托福写作字数和分数到底有怎样的关系
托福写作词数写的越多，得分就会越高?这话对不对呢?为什么很多托福考生在考场上洋洋洒洒写了五六百词，写作分数却并不高?为什么托福写作词数写得多有的人就能得高分，有的人却得了低分呢?托福写作字数和分数之间到底存在着一种什么样的关系呢?新东方网托福频道在此和大家分享和合肥新东方李盛老师的这篇托福写作字数与分数之间的关系。
首先，我们先来看看托福写作“the longer, the better”这种说法的合理之处。
托福考试的写作部分是由Human rater(真人评分)和E-rater共同评分，最终取加权平均值。Human rater非常看重文章内容的充实，也就是考生是否能够在相应的段落中给出合理且清晰的理由、例证和细节把问题表述清楚。这样一来，如果中间发展段只有寥寥几笔，考生肯定不能把问题讲清楚，从而在Development这个维度上就达不到考试的要求。而E-rater虽然读不懂考生文章的内容，却能够通过the length of discourse elements(话语元素长度)这一标准对于考生的中间发展段进行评估。The length of discourse elements(话语元素长度)主要评估考生文章的两个方面：
平均句长
也就是文章的平均每个句子包含的单词数量。如果一个考生内容没有进行有效发展，也就是说该考生没有什么内容可写，E-rater就会默认考生的句子一定写不长;反过来，如果一个考生内容发展充实，那么该考生的句子一定有丰富的内容表述，此时写出来的句子一定不会很短。
中间发展段句子数量
也就是每个理由段考生写了多少个句子进行支撑自己的观点。如果考生内容没有发展，中间理由段也就没什么话说，这时候中间段就不会有太多的句子进行支撑;反过来，如果一个考生内容发展充实，那么该考生中间段一定有多个句子从不同细节角度进行支撑自己的观点。
由此可见：如果考生的写作发展不够充实，作文的词数一般不会多。
其实托福考试评分标准中并没有把词数达标作为一个衡量标准，但是建议考生写作词数不少于300词，因为一般来说，少于300词的托福独立写作文章内容发展不会那么充实，也就是说词数不够直接影响到了评分维度中的Development一项。
但是，是不是一个考生词数写的多就能够证明文章发展充实从而得到高分呢?
我们来看一组ETS研究论文中的数据。下图为了研究方便，ETS的工作人员使用了传统写作的6分制评分重新设定了托福的分数(也就是6分为满分)：
我们可以看到，满分(6分)的文章大都是词数为400词左右的文章，且当文章的词数达到了一定范围(400词以上)，写作分数上没有了明显的变化。
再来看另一组ETS的研究数据，这一次研咳嗽卑炎芊稚柚梦4分(也就是满分为4分)来比较不同分数段的口语写作分数与文章长度的关系可以看到，独立写作抽样了476篇文章，其中最高分的文章有102篇，写的最多的词数为586词，写的最少的词数竟然只有261词(这就是为什么上文中提到独立写作的建议词数是300词，而不是硬性要求词数，当然，对于大多数考生来说，由于缺乏娴熟的语言驾驭能力，很难用这么少的词数把内容表述清楚)，其平均词数只有385.3个词;同时，在低分档(2分)的文章中最多词数有507个词的，这时候你还会觉得词数越多得分越高吗?
抛开数据不看，我们也能够理解，一篇文章好坏除了内容是否写得充实外，还需要考虑内容的相关度、语言的质量以及语句之间的逻辑衔接等。很多同学为了凑词数而大量背诵没有意义的模板句，与主题关联性不是很大的例子，这样不仅不会得到高分，反而会在考试中丢分。
在托福的独立写作中，除了文章结构组织(这一点大多数考生只要接受过正规的培训基本都没什么问题)和语言的正确使用(这一点需要考生课下的积累)之外，文章的发展，也就是具体的内容，往往决定着考生的分数。一般来说，内容充实的文章往往能够得到高分，同时，内容充实的文章词数一般也不会太少。如果只关注词数本身而忽略了文章内容，就会造成“词数多，分数高”的假象。
再通俗一点说，饭店里菜的分量多一般用大盘子装，而大盘子端上来的菜分量不一定多。
年1月12日托福综合写作真题回忆与解析
篇6：1月5日托福写作真题及解析
2020年1月5日托福写作真题
话题分类
教育
题型
二选一题型
考题回忆
如果你擅长某科。你的朋友来问你问题，你会帮助他 or suggest他去找专门的老师解答.
解题思路
教育类话题，难度系数适中
1. 二选一，要对这2种方法进行比较。
2. 利弊题型。分析好坏结果
3. 因为是来“问我问题”，“我”给建议。所以，不仅可以分析对朋友，也可分析对自己的影响。
2020年1月5日托福写作解析
参考范文
It is a common phenomenon that students meet all sorts of problems to solve in study. Teachers and friends are the ones we can count on no matter how difficult the problems are. But when it comes to whether teachers are more valuable than our friends, some people may agree with it, for experienced tutors can guide us. However, I disagree based on the following reasons.
It is not to say tutors do not play an important role in dealing with questions. They would recommend books of specific subject, provide words of wisdom and share their problem-solving mentality to pull us through hard questions. However, we can seek help from our friends who are excelled at a certain subject or have been through the same problem. So the merit from teachers seems insignificant compared with those brought by our friends.
First, the problems my friends are faced with can be tackled effectively and timely. Obviously, teachers have a heavy workload. They have to spend hours checking books, studying material and doing research before classes to get fully prepared. Right after class there will be questions to be answered and papers to be graded. Once my friends want to ask teachers for help, they have to make an appointment ahead of time according to teachers’schedules. But for my part, there is close involvement in providing assistance for my friends both at home and in school At home, we can contact at any time, such as chat on some social applications to record the important points or start a video call to shorten the time we type. At school, we take a class in classrooms, prepare for final exams in libraries as well as have a rest in dormitories. As a result, if needing help, my friends can find me wherever and whenever. .
Second, I, myself, is also a beneficiary. On the one hand, helping my friends gives me an opportunity to absorb knowledge in more direct and interesting ways. Solutions to math problems are good examples. Instead of reading about obscure concepts, we can see them presented in vivid method in various real-world examples. Instead of reading about complicated formulas, we can see how magically these formulas are applied to a range of problem-solving investigations. Throughout the duration of explaining the understanding of the questions, I can review what I have learned and detect what I have neglected. On the other hand, it can be a helper for me to acquire essential learning skills. To be specific, while making real contributions to coping with these problems, I am actively learning how to organize, express and transfer which are indispensable for future study even for career life.
Therefore, if my friends are struggling with complex problems while studying, I prefer offering help for them to advising them to find a tutor.
托福写作高级形容词替换之褒义词
1、重要的 important
vital ['va?t(?)l]
She had found out some information of vital importance.
她已经发现了一些至关重要的信。
crucial ['kru??(?)l]
It is crucial that the problem is tackled immediately.
立即着手解决这个问题是至关重要的。
prominent ['pr?m?n?nt]
This considerable increase in investment played a prominent role in fueling economic growth.
投资的较大幅度增加，对拉动经济增长发挥了明显作用。
cardinal ['kɑ?d(?)n(?)l]
Respect for life is a cardinal principle of English law.
尊重生命是英国法律最重要的原则。
2、优秀的 good
excellent ['eks(?)l(?)nt]
She has always had a high reputation for her excellent short stories.
她一直因其优秀的短篇小说享有很高的声望。
outstanding [a?t'st?nd??]
The girl who won the scholarship was quite outstanding.
得奖学金的女孩是相当优秀的。
extraordinary [?k?str??dnri]
Her strength of will was extraordinary.
她的意志力是非凡的。
remarkable [r?'mɑ?k?b(?)l]
The economic diplomacy of China is characterized by distinctive features and remarkableachievements.
中国的经济外交具有鲜明的特点和卓越的成就。
3、有趣的 interesting
amusing [?'mju?z??]
Do not hesitate to laugh at anything you find amusing.
只要觉得好笑就尽管笑。
entertaining [ent?'te?n??]
This is an entertaining yet thought-provoking film.
这部电影令人捧腹，却又发人深省。
engaging[?n'ge?d???]
His engaging personality made him popular with his peers.
他迷人的个性使他深受同龄人的喜爱。
4、有活力的 energetic
dynamic[da?'n?m?k]
South Asia continues to be the most dynamic economic region in the world.
南亚仍然是世界上最具活力的经济区。
vigorous['v?g(?)r?s]
We urge vigorous action to be taken immediately.
我们强烈要求立即采取有力措施。
animated['?n?me?t?d]
His observations gave rise to an animated and lively discussion.
他的言论引起了一场气氛热烈而活跃的讨论。
5、充足的 abundant
ample['?mp(?)l]
Agriculture has developed rapidly, thus providing light industry with ample raw materials.
农业迅速发展，从而为轻工业提供了充足的原料。
plentiful ['plent?f?l]
Hot climate and plentiful rainfall favor the growth of plants.
炎热的气候和充足的雨水有助于植物生长。
generous['d?en(?)r?s]
No one is expecting a very generous pay increase this year.
没有人指望今年会有大幅度的工资增长。
6、勇敢的 brave
courageous[k?'re?d??s]
The pioneers are courageous indeed, overcoming one difficulty after another.
这些开拓者的确有勇气，他们克服了一个又一个的困难。
bold[b??ld]
Big, successful moves need bold, masterful managers.
重大而成功的举措需要既大胆又善于控制局势的经理来实施。
fearless ['f??l?s]
To go in for technical innovation, one must have the fearless spirit of a pathbreaker.
搞技术革新就要有一股不怕困难的闯劲。
7、合理地 reasonable
sound [sa?nd]
She gave me some very sound advice.
她给了我一些非常合理的建议。
rational['r??(?)n(?)l]
There is no rational explanation for his actions.
对他的所作所为无法作出合理的解释。
sensible ['sens?b(?)l]
It would seem more sensible to apply standards flexibly rather than rigidly.
灵活地运用标准比死守标准会显得更合情合理。
8、著名的 famous
renowned [r?'na?nd]
The region is renowned for its outstanding natural beauty.
该地区以其无以伦比的自然风景闻名于世。
noticeable ['n??t?s?b(?)l]
The class has made noticeable improvement.
这个班已有引人注目的进步。
notable ['n??t?b(?)l]
The book stands out as one of the notable landmarks in the progress of modern science.
这部著作是现代科学发展史上著名的里程碑之一。
9、有益的 helpful
favorable ['fe?v?r?bl]
Such events occur only when the external conditions are favorable.
这种事情只有在外部条件有利时才会发生。
beneficial[ben?'f??(?)l]
It can be beneficial to share your feelings with someone you trust.
向自己信任的人倾诉感情是很有益处的。
rewarding [r?'w??d??]
It is a very rewarding exercise to work this out oneself.
独自解决这个问题是一次受益匪浅的锻炼。
托福写作高级形容词替换之中性词+贬义词篇
中性形容词
1、许多 many
numerous ['nju?m(?)r?s]
Numerous factories have sprung up in this once desolate area.
过去这一带满目苍凉， 现在却有了无数的工厂。
a host of
The special theory of relativity has raised a host of questions.
狭义相对论引出了许多问题。
multitude of
I was awed by the multitude of stars in the night sky.
夜空中的繁星震撼了我。
2、不同的 different
various['ve?r??s]
These data have been collected from various sources.
这些数据是从各方面搜集来的。
a variety of
A variety of heavy industries grew up alongside the port.
各种重工业沿着港口逐渐发展起来。
diverse[da?'v??s]
People hold diverse attitudes toward these new regulations.
人们对于这些新规定抱有不同的态度。
3、普遍的 common
commonplace ['k?m?nple?s]
Yet on the most commonplace occasion I can never know your thoughts.
然而即便在最普通的事情上我也琢摸不透你的心思。
universal[ju?n?'v??s(?)l]
Such problems are a universal feature of senior citizens.
这类问题是老年人的通病。
pervasive[p?'ve?s?v]
It is the most pervasive compound on earth.
它是地球上最普遍的化合物。
4、唯一的 only
solely['s??ll?]
Success should not be measured solely by educational achievement.
成功与否不应只用学业成绩来衡量。
unique[ju?'ni?k]
The examples are unique to this dictionary.
这些例证是这部词典独有的。
merely['m??l?]
You are merely reciting facts that you have learned by rote. 你只是在背诵自己死记硬背下来的东西。
5、贫穷的 poor
needy['ni?d?]
Needy and handicapped people depend on government relief for their support.
穷人和残疾人依靠政府的救济维持生计。
impoverished[?m'p?v?r??t]
The rural people have been impoverished by a collapsing economy.
经济崩溃使农村地区的人们一贫如洗。
in poverty
He was bred up in poverty.
他是在贫苦的生活环境中长大的。
6、富裕的 rich
wealthy ['welθ?]
All of them came from wealthy, upper class families.
他们全部来自富有的上流社会家庭。
well-heeled['wel'hi:ld]
Both families are reasonably well-heeled and comfortably-off.
两家人都相当富有，都生活得很舒适。
well-to-do
She comes from a well-to-do family.
她出身于一个小康之家。
7、大的 big
vast [vɑ?st]
The pollution has already turned vast areas into a wasteland.
污染已经使大片地区沦为不毛之地。
massive ['m?s?v]
We needed to reskill our workforce to cope with massive technological change.
我们得让工人学习新技能，以应对巨大的技术变革。
enormous [?'n??m?s]
The enormous difficulty makes him cynical about the feasibility of the idea.
巨大的困难让他对这个主意是否可行持怀疑态度。
8、新的 new
brand-new
Net Electronic Map has become a brand-new way for showing the geographic information.
网上电子地图已成为一种全新的地理信息展示方式。
fresh[fre?]
The company set to make a fresh start under a new broom.
公司准备在新任领导的带领下开创新局面。
novel['n?v(?)l]
Protesters found a novel way of demonstrating against steeply rising oil prices.
抗议者找到了抗议油价飞涨的新办法。
贬义形容词
1、有害的 harmful
damaging ['d?m?d???]
Many chemicals have a damaging effect on the environment.
许多化学物质都对环境有破坏性的影响。
ruinous['ru??n?s]
The decision has proved to be ruinous.
事实证明这个决定造成了危害。
destructive[d?'str?kt?v]
The city witnessed the destructive force of the storm.
这座城市遭受了这场暴风雨的巨大破坏力。
2、困难的 difficult
demanding [d?'mɑ?nd??]
He found he could no longer cope with his demanding job.
他发现自己已无力应对这份劳神费力的工作了。
laborious[l?'b??r??s]
They had the laborious task of cutting down the huge tree.
他们要完成砍伐大树的艰苦工作。
formidable['f??m?d?b(?)l]
He took on the formidable task of reforming the whole system.
他承担起改革整个系统的艰巨任务。
3、无聊的 boring
dull [d?l]
The conference was deadly dull.
会议开得死气沉沉的。
tiresome ['ta??s(?)m]
I find it very tiresome doing the same job day after day.
日复一日做相同的工作让我觉得非常无聊。
tedious['ti?d??s]
He that can read and meditate will not find his evenings long or life tedious.
会读书和思考的人不会感到长夜无聊或者生活乏味。
4、忧虑的 worried
anxious ['??(k)??s]
He was anxious about the enormity of the task ahead.
他为眼前任务的艰巨性而感到焦虑。
apprehensive[?pr?'hens?v]
The long delay had made me quite apprehensive.
长时间的耽搁使我相当忧虑。
fraught [fr??t]
It has been a somewhat fraught day.
这是令人颇为担忧的一天。
5、沮丧的 sad
depressed [d?'prest]
She felt very depressed about the future.
她感到前途无望。
gloomy ['glu?m?]
They found him in gloomy, downbeat mood.
他们发现他情绪低落，无精打采。
frustrated[fr?'stre?t?d]
Both sides in the dispute appeared very frustrated at the lack of progress.
争执双方因事情毫无进展而显得十分沮丧。
6、怀疑的 doubtful
skeptical ['skept?k?l]
Many were skeptical about this solution.
许多人对这一解决办法表示怀疑。
suspicious [s?'sp???s]
Most organizations are, quite understandably, suspicious of new ideas.
大多数机构对新想法持怀疑态度，这不难理解。
incredulous [?n'kredj?l?s]
She gave me an incredulous glance.
她表示怀疑地向我瞥了一眼。
【1月11日托福综合写作机经真题回忆与解析】相关文章：
1.托福真题考情机经
2.托福写作真题及
3.雅思写作真题解析
6.托福考试真题解析
10.高考作文真题解析（吉林）
文档为doc格式
