口腔生理学术语(C)
“梦无尽”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了6篇口腔生理学术语(C)，下面是小编整理后的口腔生理学术语(C)，希望对大家有所帮助。
篇1：口腔生理学术语(C)
calcium-binding proteins - proteins which have the ability to store calcium ions and to bind onto calcium in the hydroxyapatite of the enamel surface.
calculus - a hard deposit of calcified plaque which is found around the neck of the tooth. when it is above the free gingival margin (supra-gingival) it is white and chalky. when it is below (sub-gingival) it is dark and hard.
candidiasis - an infection caused by candida albicans, a normal commensal of the mouth; also called “thrush”;
capsule - a fibrous casing surrounding an organ or gland; also a coating for some bacteria which protects them, from the bodies immune system. it is only the variety of pneumococcus sp. which has a capsule which is able to pass the immune barrier and cause pneumonia
caries - the demineralisation, and breakdown of tooth structure by plaque acids.
cariogenic - likely to cause caries. sugar is cariogenic because it supports the growth of plaque
carious plaque - types of plaque which are associated with caries .
carnivorous - an animal whose diet consists of animal tissue.
cej - see cemento-enamel junction.
cell junctions - sites on the cell membrane where cells attach to neighbouring cells. there are three main types. 1. adhering junctions, which anchor cells to each other to resist separation. they may form a belt of adhesions between cells (as between muscle cells) or spot attachments like desmosomes which hold epithelial cells together. 2. tight junctions have no space between the membranes and allow no leakage between cells. they are found between cells of a secreting glands and between endothelial cells of blood vessels to prevent fluid leaking out. 3. gap junctions are channels which allow transfer of small molecules like ions, sugars and amino acids, between cells.
cemento-enamel junction- the junction between the enamel covering the crown of the tooth and the cementum covering its root. often referred to as the cej.
cementoblasts - cells of mesenchyme origin, induced by proteins from cells of ectodermal origin, to form a layer of cementum around the roots of teeth.
cementum - a thin layer of bone-like material covering the roots of teeth and sometimes the enamel surface, containing both extrinsic and intrinsic fibres.
central nervous system - the brain and spinal cord. the nerves which leave the spinal cord and brain comprise the peripheral nervous system.
chemotaxis - the movement of cells in response to chemical messengers. the movement of neutrophils and macrophages into damaged tissues is brought about by signals released by damaged tissues, and bacterial products.. the term applies to the movement of any organism attracted by a specific chemical, which may be a suitable nutrient.
cholinergice - cell receptors specific for the neurotransmitter acetyl choline. cholinergic receptors are found at neuromuscular junctions of muscle fibres and at all the synaptic junctions of the parasympathetic nervous system. they are also found at the pre- ganglionic synapse of the sympathetic nervous system.
chondroitin sulphate - the major glycosaminoglycan of cartilage , the other being keratan sulphate.
chromosomes - structures in the nucleus of a cell which appear visible during cell division. each chromosome (humans have 24) is a tightly coiled string of dna wound round a protein.
clearance - the removal by swallowing, of substance in the mouth. clearance is dependent on the completeness of swallowing and the rate of flow of saliva.
clones - a family of cells, or organisms, which are all identical to a single parent. they are produced by asexual reproduction. when a b lymphocytes has recognised a foreign antigen, it provides millions of identical daughter cells in order to produce the specific antibodies in large quantities.
clotting - see blood clotting
code - the code of nucleotides is written in “words” of three letters using an“alphabet” of four “letters”. these four components of the code are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
collagen - the most common protein found in the body. it has a fibrous structure and makes up the main organic component of bone and dentine, and the fibres of tendons and ligaments.
collagenase - an enzyme produced by fibroblasts which breaks down collagen fibres. the fibroblast recycles the component amino acids, and secretes new collagen fibres. this process of remodelling occurs throughout life. osteoclasts also secrete collagenases in order to remove bone matrix. several bacteria are able to secrete collagenases and are thus able to break down and penetrate through collagen fibres in the periodontal ligament.
colonies - communities of organisms which have taken up residence in a habitat .
competency - the ability of a cell to respond to messengers which could cause it to differentiate into a more specialised cell. some cells, like pericytes remain competent throughout life, whereas others, such as the oral epithelium, are only able to form an tooth bud during the 12th to 16th week of foetal development.
composite - a material made from two or more different types of material which contribute different properties. for example bone is a combination of a resilient fibres of collagen in a brittle matrix (hydroxyapatite).
compressive strength - ability to withstand a crushing force.
condylar process - the vertical extension of the mandible which ends in the condyle head, the moveable part of the temporomandibular joint.
connective tissue - one of the four main types of collections of cells (tissues) which consists of cells in a matrix of ground substance and fibres. some connective tissues support structures like blood vessels and glands. others are more structural, like bone, tendons and cartilage.
contralateral - the opposite side as distinct from ipsilateral. often used to refer to the teeth, joint or muscles on the opposite side from the chewing side.
coronoid process - the vertical extension of the mandible anterior to the condyle to which the temporal muscle attaches.
cortical-bone - the outer layer of bone which is dense and made up of lamellae.
covalent bond - a strong bond between atoms formed by sharing outer electrons. when an atom has 8 outer electrons it is stable. those which naturally have 8, like neon and argon gasses are quite unreactive. the carbon atom has 4 outer electrons and therefore needs 4 extra electrons to be stable. four hydrogen atoms make a good partnership for carbon,(ch4, c2 h6 ... etc) hence hydrocarbons,(saturated with hydrogen atoms) are quite stable, insoluble and unreactive. one oxygen atom (outer shell has 6 electrons) and two hydrogen atoms (h2o) also makes a stable arrangement, although not as stable as the hydrocarbon, family as the water molecule is a little unbalanced, providing hydrogen bonds and other unusual properties of biological importance, such as its ability to hold other molecules in a solution.
cusps - peaks or raised areas of a tooth which usually fit into a fossa on the opposing tooth.
cytokines -chemical messengers that allow neighbouring cells to communicate with each other. they are paracrine messages as distinct from endochrine or hormonal messengers. there are several main families of cytokines including growth factors , neurotransmitters, , lymphokines and many others. the method of communication involves detection of the chemical message, a ligand , by receptor proteins (for example an integrin on the cell membrane of the receiving cell. the result of the message is a shift in the level of gene expression or the expression of new genes and altered cell behaviour. cytokines are complex as they sometimes inhibit and/or facilitate the actions of each other.
cylasm - the contents of the cell, not including thenucleus.
cytoskeleton - a system of fine filaments which cross the cell in all directions, helping toand keep or change its shape. there are three main types of filaments; in order of decreasing size they are, microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
cytotoxins - products released by bacteria which are toxic to other living cells.
篇2：口腔生理学术语(A)
abductors - muscle taking a limb or the jaw away from the body.
acetyl choline - aneurotransmitter substance found at all cholinergic synapses including those of motoneurones at the neuromuscular junction.
acini - the secreting units of a gland. each acinus is a sack-like structure, lined by secreting cells. the sack opens out into a tubule.
acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis -abbreviated to anug- a painful and destructive infection of the gingiva caused by a shift in the normal balance of bacteria in the gingival sulcus, in which fusobacteria and spirochaetes become dominant.
adapt- to modify in response to change. when used in regard to evolution, it means that some structure or behaviour of an organism may over time, appear to change in response toa new threat or opportunity in the environment. the bacterium which causes tuberculosis has developed certain strains which have adapted to the antibiotics used to treat the disease which is now becoming more difficult to treat.
adductors - muscle bringing a limb or the jaw towards the body.
adhesion - to form a chemical bond of attachment between two surfaces (see ligand and lectin).
adrenalin - see epinephrine.
aerobic respiration -a type of respiration which requires oxygen and in which glucose is broken down to release energy in a series of steps. the end products are carbon dioxide and water. step 1;glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid in the cell cylasm with the release of 4 hydrogen atoms. step 2; pyruvic acid is oxidised to acetylcoenzyme a (acetyl coa), with the release of 4 further hydrogen atoms. step 3; in the kreb cycle, 16 atoms of hydrogen are released. at all stages the hydrogen atoms are used to form the high energy molecule adenosine triphospate (atp) via the electron transport system . see also anaerobic respiration .
affected dentine - dentine which has been demineralised by acids in advance of invading caries bacteria. a distinction is made between affected dentine and infected dentine, because affected dentine is able to remineralise and should not be removed during cavity preparation.
aggregate - clumps or collections of small particles or bacteria .
alkaline phosphatase - an enzyme which removes phosphate groups from organic compounds at an alkaline ph. it is found in high concentrations in matrix vesicles which are about to form new bone mineral. alkaline phosphatase activity is a good indicator of bone formation.
alveolar bone - bone which develops around the roots of the teeth to hold them firmly in place. see gomphosis. if the teeth are extracted, the alveolar bone resorbs away. alveolar bone consists of both trabecula and cortical types of bone.
ameloblasts- cells which differentiate from ectoderm and secrete enamel during tooth development.
amino acids - building blocks of proteins containing a carboxyl group (cooh) and an amino group(nh2) both attached to the same carbon atom . the difference between the 20 common amino acids lies in the nature of a side chain the “r” group. each amino acid, has a code of three adjacent nucleotides on the dna molecule. amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds to form polypeptides and proteins.
amorphous calcium phosphate - a non crystalline form of apatite which may form as much as30% of bone mineral.
amygdala- part of the limbic system, which seems to provide the emotional assessment of a new sensation with the memory of a similar sensation.
anaerobic respiration - the first step in the production of atp is to break down glucose. this process of glycolysis is a 10 step series of reactions leading finally to the smaller molecule pyruvate. the energy derived from this process is a hydrogen ion and an electron, which are both placed onto the carrier molecule as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nadh+). as the pyruvate and nad h+ are produced they could move into the mitochondria, for the nextstage of aerobic respiration, provided oxygen is available. if there is no oxygen, nad h h+ is used in a process of substrate phosphorylation to form atp. but the pyruvate builds up. it is then converted to lactic acid and removed to the liver. if lactic acid is not removed fast enough it causes muscle weakness and pain. anaerobic glycolysis does not produce a high yield of energy. there are still high energy bonds remaining in the pyruvate and there is no benefit from the large yield of atp made possible by the electron transport system in the mitochondria
angiogenesis - the development of blood vessels - a key event in embryology and healing.
ankylosis - bony fusion of the two surfaces of a joint to each other, which prevents movement. ankylosis of the tooth root to its bony socket may causes root resorption.
antibacterial - inhibiting the growth of bacteria.
antibodies -are proteins called immunoglobulins which circulate in the blood and body fluids. they bind specifically to antigens that have induced them. antibodies are able to inactivate bacterial toxins, viruses and help phagocytes to engulf whole bacteria. they have a vital role to play in the bodies immune response to foreign proteins.
antigens - proteins, usually foreign, which cause the bodies defense system to produce an antibody. antigens may be food proteins, bacteria ,viruses or protozoa or cells from another individual(transplant).
antrum - a hollow cave or sinus, inside the maxillary bone which is lined by respiratory epithelium.
apatites- a family of calcium phosphate salts which are found in hard tissues like bone, teeth and shells.
apoptosis - death of a cell which is programmed by a set of specific genes. apoptosis of chondrocytes allows osteoblasts to attach to their calcified matrix, and the epithelial cells forming webs between the fingers to die.
articular - one of the bones which together with the quadrate bones and the dentary, made/make up a reptile's jaw. in mammals the quadrate bone is incorporated into the middle ear as the malleus.
artificial mouth - a laboratory device for keeping bacteria growing in a controlled environment it allows for observing bacteria and their growth under different experimental conditions.
ascorbic acid - or vitamin c is a dietary requirement for the proper formation of collagen. deficiency causes scurvy.
atp - adenosine triphosphate - atp is a convenient packet of energy used by both animals and plant cells. the energy in atp is stored in its three negatively charged phosphate groups which are held close together, in spite of their repulsion for each other. this energy, multiplied many hundreds of thousand of times, for each cell is able to move our muscles, transport molecules across membranes and power all the cells other energy requirements. once the energy has been used the atp molecule now only has two phosphate groups. it needs energy now from either aerobic or anaerobic respiration to charge it up again, a process known as phosphorylation. large stores of atp are not kept as it is highly reactive. the long term storage of energy in animals is in carbon rich molecules, such as glycogen or fatty acids. in plants energy is stored as starch.
attachment, see epithelial-attachment
autocrine; cell messengers which are produced by the cell itself and regulate the expression of genes .
autonomic nervous system - controls routine body functions such as gut activity, respiration, blood pressure and heart rate. there are two main divisions the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic system.
axon - the extension of a nerve cell, as a thin tube which may be as long a metre or a few short microns in length. the axon, like the cell body is able to depolarise and carry impulses along its length. the impulses from one axon to another nerve cell are transmitted at a synapse. axons may be myelinated or unmeyelinated, and they may vary in diameter. thicker, myelinated axons transmit impulses faster than thins unmeyelinated axons.
篇3：口腔生理学术语(B)
basal lamina - a term used to describe the different layers which make up the basement membrane. these different layers of the basement membrane, the lamina lucida and lamina densa are only visible with electron microscopy. into the lamina dense collagen fibres of the lamina propria are anchored. and on the epithelial side are anchored bundles of tonofilaments from the hemi-desmosomes which anchor the basal epithelial cells to the basement membrane.
basement membrane - a thin sheet of proteins held together by type iv collagen. on this sheet epithelial cells attach with hemi-desmosomes. all epithelia, whether simple cuboidal cells such as found in the salivary glands, or endothelial cells lining capillaries or thick stratified squamous epithelia of the skin, are all anchored to a basement membrane.
benign- not harmful. in the sense of tumours, not malignant. when referring to parasites, quite harmless.
biofilm - a layer of microorganisms on a surface which is kept constantly wet. dental plaque is an oral biofilm
biosurfactants - products of bacteria which increase the hydrophilic nature of a surface so as to allow for better adhesion.
blood clotting - one of three key processes in haemostasis, the prevention of blood loss. after three minutes of rupture of a small blood vessel, the entire cut is filled with a blood clot. after an hour, the clot has retracted inside the vessel making the plug even more effective. within a few more hours, fibroblasts have moved into the clot, followed by capillary -forming endothelial cells. within 10 days the clot is replaced by fibrous scar tissue. clotting takes place in three steps. 1. in response to damage to the blood vessel prothrombin activator is formed. 2 this activator converts prothrombin into thrombin. 3.the thrombin acts as an enzyme converting fibrinogen into fibrin threads which adhere to the damaged walls of the blood vessel, trap platelets, blood cells and plasma to form a clot.
blood groups - blood cells from different people do not always have the same cell surface antigens. a transfusions of blood whose antigens do not match the recipient evokes an immune response and the donor cells are broken down. two of the common blood groups are the a,b,o group and the rh group. the blood group antigens are glycoproteins or glycolipids.
bolus - a piece of food which is being chewed to break it down into small pieces.
bone membrane - a theoretical membrane separating the fluid surrounding bone crystals from the fluid of the surrounding connective tissue. the membrane would be formed by the endosteum.
bone morphogenic proteins (bmp) - part of the cytokine family of transforming growth factors. bmp have a powerful ability to cause differentiation of stem cells into osteoblasts and to initiate bone formation.
bradykinin - one of several substances, all known as kinins, which cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, both events associated with inflammation.
buffers - chemical which are able to keep the ph of a solution within a normal range, neither acid nor alkali. salivary buffers are important in reducing the progress of caries by neutralising plaque acids.
buttress- an arch shaped support, used by builders of bridges and churches in the days before steel.
篇4：口腔生理学术语(D)
darwinian medicine - an approach to the treatment of infective diseases which takes account of the co-evolution between the host and its parasite.
deciduous - from the latin “falling” it applies both to trees which lose their leaves in winter and teeth which are lost to make way for the permanent set.
demineralisation - reduction in amount of mineral in tissue. this reduction occurs when the crystals of apatite are dissolved, usually in an acid environment.
dental abscess- an abscess around the apex of a tooth due to spread of infection from the pulp .
dental papilla - the condensation of dental mesenchyme which provides the stem cells from which ondontoblasts, cementoblasts and osteoblasts will form the pulp-dentine, cementum and alveolar bone of the tooth socket.
dentary - one of several bone which together made up the lower jaw in early reptiles. during evolution the other bones, the articular and quadrate bones, became part of the inner ear, and the dentary became the single the mandible of mammals.
dentine - a hard material like bone which forms the root and inner core of the crown of teeth. unlike bone, dentine has fine tubules which contain the elongated process of odontoblasts, the dentine forming cells.
dentine-pulp - a term used to describe the unity between dentine and pulp, and to view it as one integrated tissue.
depolarisation - all cells have a slight difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of the cell membrane. this difference is called a membrane potential and is due to a greater number of sodium ions (positively charged) outside the cell than inside. this imbalance is maintained by a membrane pump which pushes sodium ions out of the cell. another pump also pushes potassium ions into the cell so there should be no difference in the balance of positive ions. but the potassium ions leak back out again, so there is always a potential difference across the membrane. nerve cells have the ability to depolarise or reverse the membrane potential so that the inside is positive and outside negative. this reversal is short lived and is soon corrected, but it is long enough to influence the adjacent parts of the membrane and to be carried, like a wave, all the way along a nerve axon to the next nerve where it reaches a synapse the reversal is caused by a sudden opening of cell membrane gates which allow a flood of sodium ions into the cell. this flood causes the inside to become positive, but the gates are soon shut and potassium gates opened, which allows potassium ions to flood out and restore the membrane potential. this can all happen several times in one second, but after a while there is no flood, and the sodium pump has to get to work to build up enough pressure for the depolarisation to work again.
dermatan sulphate - a glycosaminoglycan found in skin, tendon, blood vessel and heart valves.
desmosomes -one of the types of cell junctions by which cells join or communicate with each other. desmosomes consist of a round plaque of protein, desmoplakin on the cell membrane. into the plaque are attached fine filamanents which are part of the cell's cytoskeleton. so the plaque is attached to the skeleton of the cell. where the filaments enter the plaque the are so dense as to be visible with a light microscope. they are then called tonofilaments. the plaque of one cell adheres to the plaque of another. this system of joining cells is designed to resist mechanical separation, so we see desmosomes joining epithelial cells which hold tightly to each other. if epithelium is processed for histology, some shrinkage occurs and the epithelial cells separate from each other, except where the desmosomes hold them together. the pulled out tags of cell membrane give these cells a star-like shape, and so they are called the stellate cells.
desquamation - the detachment of cells from the surface of an epithelium.
dextrans - polysaccharides made by bacteria. they have a slimy consistency and contribute to the sticky nature of plaque.
differentiate - change in the pattern of genes expressed by a cell resulting in altered function, from a more primitive parent cell to a more specialised group of daughter cells.
diphyodont - only two sets of teeth, one deciduous and one permanent (from “di” = two,“phyo+ = generation and ”dont“ =teeth). see also polyphyodont
displacement - of a tooth refers to its movement within the confines of the tooth socket. a tooth can be displaced more easily when forced in a lateral direction than when forced into the socket. continual or frequent displacement of a tooth may lead to it repositioning itself in the socket.
dna - deoxyribosenucleic acid - a complex nucleic acid molecule which is used by cells to store genetic material as genes which control the structure of proteins and hence influencing all enzyme reactions. dna is coiled in a single closed loop in procaryotes, but coiled round other proteins to form a chromosome, and stored in the nucleus of eucaryotes
duct - a tube which carries a secretion onto the surface of skin or mucosa.
篇5：口腔生理学术语(E)
ecological balance - astable balance in the numbers of each species in an ecosystem. in the ecosystem of the mouth this balance is brought about by competition and cooperation between the different organism and the hosts defences which tend to control population size.
ecosystem - a stable environment in which live a large number of different forms of life, each affecting the other. example are a forest, desert, tidal area, soil, oral cavity, gut.
ectoderm - the outer of the three cell layers which form, as the clump of early embryonic cells begins to differentiate. the ectoderm will form the epidermis of the skin and the nervous system. the other two layers are the mesoderm and the endoderm.
ectomesenchyme - a name given to dental mesenchyme which reflects its partly ectodermal origin.
eicosanoids - are a class of hormones which are all made from phospholipids. they include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leucotriens.
elastic fibres -are long, thin, ribbons-like fibres, sometimes even sheet-like. they are composed of a central core of elastin, a rubbery protein, surrounded by glycoprotein microfilaments. elastin is found all over the body but particularly in the walls of blood vessels and in our vocal chords.
electron - the negatively charged elements of an atom which circle the nucleus. if an electron is lost the atom becomes a relatively positively charged ion. it has been ionised .
electron transport system- hydrogen ions produced during the 3 preparatory steps of aerobic respiration are carried by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad). the hydrogen ion plus one electron form nadh, which is taken to the electron transport system. this transport system is run by a series of 5 molecules. the first, removes the two electrons from nadh,( one comes from the hydrogen atom, leaving behind a hydrogen ion). these two electrons, bounce from the first molecule in the transport system to the second, third, forth and then last one, cytochrome oxidase, which finally places the electrons onto oxygen gas o2. the electron rich oxygen atoms are attractive to the hydrogen ions and they combine to form water. (oxygen in the process of aerobic respiration acts therefore as an electron acceptor). in the process of bouncing ”downhill" the electrons have released sufficient energy to power up a small battery. this battery has been made by pumping hydrogen ions out of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. the collection of hydrogen ions outside, piles up and their electrical pressure mounts. they want to get back across the membrane, and are allowed, one at a time to pass back through the enzyme atp synthase. this enzyme sits like a water wheel in the cell membrane, turned by the passage of hydrogen ions. its turning wheel builds an atp molecule in every turn. the wheel may be going at about 200 revolutions per second, powering the synthesis of an atp molecule with each turn. atp formed in this way takes a while but can be sustained to fuel the body during aerobic exercise. when the demand for power exceeds this rate, the cells have to rely on anaerobic respiration.
electrostatic - a force generated by differences in electric charge of two particles.
enamel prisms - rod-like bundles of hydroxyapatie crystals which are orientated at right angles to the tooth surface. each prism can be traced from the outside of the enamel all the way to the dentine junction.
enamel - the outer layer hard layer which covers the dentine around the crown of a tooth. enamel consists of closely packed crystals of hydroxyapatite with very little organic material. a recognisable unit of structure in enamel is the enamel prism.
enameloid - a type of enamel found in fish and reptiles in which the enamel prisms are haphazardly arranged; in contrast enamel prism are parallel to each other and orientated at right angle to the tooth surface.
endocrine glands - the secretion passes into the blood stream, like insulin, epinephrine.
endoderm - the inner of the three cell layers which form, as the clump of early embryonic cells begins to differentiate. the endoderm will form the gut system and its associated organs. the other two layers are the mesoderm and the ectoderm.
endoplasmic reticulum - a system of inner cell membranes which is continuous with the nuclear membrane. it transports products of cell synthesis to the golgi apparatus. described as rough endoplasmic reticulum when there are many ribosomes attached.
endorphins - a neuropeptide which has specific binding sites on nerve cells called opiate receptors. when the receptor is activated by endorphins or morphine it reduces the excitability of the post synaptic cell. peptide receptors are also found on lymphocytes which suggest an association between neuropeptides and the regulation of the immune response.
endosteum - a layer of bone forming cells, osteoblasts which covers the entire surface of the internal aspect of cortical and spongy bone, separating it from the surrounding connective tissue. see also bone membrane.
endothelial cells - the epithelial cells of the endothelium which lines blood vessels. the cells are flattened into a pavement stone shape and are usually two or three layers thick.
endotoxins - the contents and cell wallsof dead bacteria which may be toxic to the host.
enkephalins - similar in structure and action to endorphins.
environment - describes the surroundings in which organisms live. some physical features of an environment are fairly stable, like trees, rivers, mountains, houses, soil, teeth. some physical features are changeable, like wind, water, light, ph, food supply. others features are less predictable, such as the balance in the community of collaborators, competitors and parasites. all forms of life including bacteria in the mouth, have an environment, which has an important influence on their survival. successful organisms manage to exploit their environment to the best advantage or to adapt to it, perhaps only after several generations, if it becomes a serious challenge to the species.
enzyme - a protein that controls and helps a chemical reaction to take place, but is not used up in the process. usually each enzyme is specific for a particular step in a reaction. enzymes are sensitive to their environment, especially to excessive temperature or ph.
epidermal growth factor - a cytokine that stimulates epithelial cell proliferation.
epinephrine - a neurotransmitter substance found at all adrenergic synapses (nor epinephrine or epinephrine). it is the most common neurotransmitter in the nervous system, in particular at ganglion cells of the sympathetic nervous system.
epitaxy - the initiation of crystalformation in a saturated solution by providing a template against which crystal can form. there are specific sites on collagen molecules which appear to function as templates against which hydroxyapatite crystals form.
epithelial attachment- the cuff of junctional epithelium which joins the gingival sulcus epithelium to the enamel of the tooth. apical migration of the epithelium down onto the cementum may occur due to ageing or periodontal disease. loss of attachment produces a periodontal pocket and a new habitat for anaerobic oral bacteria.
epithelium - a layer of cells which forms alining for a tube or the covering for an organ or the whole body.
eucaryote - a cell in which the genetic material is confined to the nucleus, in distinction to a procaryote in which the genetic material is dispersed throughout the cell. other distinctions of eucarytoic cells are the presence of organelles such as the golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and mitochondria
exocrine glands - the secretion passes intoa duct like sweat, saliva and mucous.
extinct - a plant or animal species may entirely cease to exist. recent examples are the dodo, a large flightless bird which used to live as recently as two hundred years ago, on the island of mauritius. there are today many species of birds, flowers, fish, insects, large mammals, including certain types of whale, which are threatened with extinction, most as a result of human activity. happily, the smallpox virus is about to become extinct
extra cellular matrix - the supporting surrounding material of a cell including ground substance and fibres.
extrinsic fibres - refers to those fibres of cementum which are continuous with periodontal ligament fibres. extrinsic fibres have been trapped in cementum during its formation in order to anchor them. see also intrinsic fibres, and sharpey's fibres.
exudate - the fluid plasma which leaks out of blood vessels due to an increase in capillary permeability. the increased permeability, is caused by histamine, and bradykinin, which are released in response to tissue damage. the formation of an exudate is the first step in the process of inflammation.
篇6：口腔生理学术语(F)
fatty acids - long straight chains of carbon and hydrogen ending with an acid group at one end. saturated fatty acids have no capacity to absorb more hydrogen atoms. animal fats are mostly of this type and are considered less healthy as they end to accumulate in the linings of arteries.
feedback - a system of control, where work being done is modified by the product. for example the blood pressure is maintained by the strength of the heart beat and the muscle tone of the arterioles. in the walls of the large arteries are receptors sensitive to the degree of stretch in the muscle wall. as the blood pressure increases, the wall are stretched, and the receptor sends signals via the brain to the sympathetic nervous system back to the heart and blood vessels, causing decreased pumping effort and more relaxed muscle tone in the arteries. in chemical reactions the accumulated product slows down the rate of production. for example if the oxygen level of the body falls, the rate of respiration.increases to restore the levels to normal. these control system are thus circular; what is produced returns to control the further production. they are examples of negative feedback, and are common in maintaining stability or homeostasis. positive feedback is less common as it tends to be unstable. an example is the release by platelets of thrompotaxin. when the levels of thrombotaxin are high, they do not inhibit further production as occurs in a negative feedback system but actually stimulate more platelets to produce more thrombotaxin and so on until there is an explosive increase in the number of sticky platelets. this is useful in an emergency to s bleeding, but very dangerous when a clot forms inside a blood vessel.
fibre - a long thin string-like structure constructed of smaller fibrils and even smaller microfibrils. examples are collagen, elastic and keratin fibres. collagen fibres are arranged parallel to each other in a tendon, to give it great resistance to tension (pulling).
fibrinogen - a large soluble protein found in blood which is converted into fibrin during blood clotting.
fibroblasts - cell of connective tissue which form both the intercellular matrix and fibres.
fibronectin - a glycoprotein which is found in the extracellular matrix and is important for the attachments, and therefore the movement of cells.
filamentous - long, thin, hair-like.
fluorapatite- an apatite crystal in which fluoride has replaced hydroxyl ions.
fluorosis - mottling of the teeth caused by an excess of fluoride in the drinking water. a fluorosis index recognises 4 stages of severity.
foramina - the plural of foramen, which is a hole, for example foramen ovale.
fossils - dead plant or animal remains whichhave become infused with minerals over many millions of years and are now hard and rock -like. the original shape of the animal or plant may be very well preserved.
fractal dimension - a dimension which is some fraction in between a line(1) and a plane(2), or a plane and a solid (3). these fractal dimensions are useful in describing the quality of natural lines and surfaces, such as coastlines, trees, vascular branching and the patterns of trabecula bone
freeway space - the space between the teeth when the jaw is in a rest position.
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