托福阅读利用因果逻辑词解题
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篇1：托福阅读利用因果逻辑词解题
托福阅读如何利用因果逻辑词快速定位解题?
审题
首先通过审题，利用因果逻辑词能确定是因果类事实信息题，比如下面的题干：
1. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?
2. According to paragraph 2, sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because
3. According to the passage, which of the following is one of the reasons that tunas are in constant motion?
4. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is a factor responsible for the greater air turbulence in urban environments?
通过why, because, reasons, response for这些词(短语)，可以确定原文中会有相应的因果逻辑句(群)的表述。接下来我们只需要从原文中找出因句果逻辑表述的句(群)，通过分析逻辑承接对象，匹配选项找出正确答案。
实战练习
例1.(tpo23p1q5)Paragraph 3
The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.
5. According to paragraph 3, why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?
○ The countryside in the Sun is the only important source of heat.
○ Construction materials in the city are not as good at keeping buildings warm as they are in the countryside.
○ In the countryside the solar heat that flows into the ground flows out again quickly.
○ Countryside vegetation prevents heat from being trapped in the ground.
· 分析
通过原文找出因果逻辑词我们发现有两处：
第一处“Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities.”
第二处“But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground.”
细节题陷阱中有一种叫做偷换概念，需要考生们仔细审题，题干问的是“why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?
第一处表达的是“the higher overall temperature in cities”的原因，显然不是我们要找的答案;
第二处说的是“in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity”，很明显答案在第二处，匹配选项答案是 D.
实战练习
例2.(OG: Lascaux Cave Painting)Paragraph 6
Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.
11. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?
○ Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance.
○ The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and skill.
○ Too many years have gone by since the images were painted.
○ Answering the questions is not very important to scholars.
· 分析
这道细节题本身不难，但是出错率很高，很多学生选择A，为什么?因为C选项和原文“but their mystique only adds to their importance.”表达的意思一样。
细节题选的是符合题干的选项，也即是问什么答什么。比如我问张三有多高?张三说我很帅，张三确实帅但是不是我要的答案。细节题中很具有迷惑性的选项叫“答非所问”，同学们一定要细心，回到本题，题干问“why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?”，题干给的是结果，让我们找原因，扫读原文发现“Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images，其中“that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images”表达的意思等于题干“the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered”，很明显“so much time has passed”就是我们找的答案，确定正确答案选C。
实战练习
例3.(tpo7p1q7) Paragraph 4:
The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.
7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean's waters?
○ the movements of earth's crust
○ the accumulation of sediment layers
○ changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean
○ changes in earth's temperature
· 分析
通过题干中 “responsible for”确定考察的是因果逻辑，定位到本段第三句话，但句子前后并没有找到明显的因果逻辑词，然后继续通读往下读，发现怎么读都觉得没有正确答案同时又浪费了很多时间。
在这里，给大家补充一个不常见的因果逻辑的另类表达，即and引导的两个句子也隐含因果逻辑关系。比如”He is too old and he can’t walk,”,仔细体会其中的意思“他太老了and不能行走”，蕴含的就是因果逻辑关系。
回到本题“Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. ”(因为地壳运动封闭了海峡，被陆地包围的地中海也开始蒸发。)如果大家能识别到这层关系，很明显A就是正确选项。
常见因果逻辑词
下面来总结一下托福阅读中常见的因果逻辑词，希望同学们能够熟记巧用。
显性：because(of), since, for, as, due to, owing to, In that, so(that), therefore, thus, hence, as a result, consequently...
隐性：cause, lead to, make，render, stimulate, spur, spark, push, motivate, prompt, be responsible for..
托福阅读因果逻辑题如何作答，掌握显性因果逻辑词
一、因果逻辑之句子简化题
一提到因果逻辑，可能大部分考生顿时想到的是句子简化题。因为有相当比例的句子简化题中是有逻辑关系的句子，的确可以先从原句逻辑关系出发，先排除明显逻辑错误的选项，剩下的再进行核对筛选。但我们在运用任何逻辑关系解题的时候可千万别忘了句子主干哦。下面我们看几个例题：
例题 1
The frequency with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia, which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface.
(A)The oldest rock art sites have simpler motifs than the best known sites of Panaramitee North.
(B)Because motifs primarily associated with the Panaramitee region are common in the oldest sites the term Panaramitee style has become the general term for rock art of this type.
(C)Because the Panaramitee style is so common in the older sites, researchers have described it most extensively.
(D)The motifs carved in the rocky surface of the Panaramitee region make up the oldest form of rock art discovered in Australia.
天啊，这个句子那么长!但提取主干后，句子将变得非常简单：
The frequency had lead rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panramitee style.
我们发现这个句子的谓语动词是 lead to，是个隐性的因果逻辑词。也就是说，本句话最想表达的意思是，某个东西的频繁出现，是研究者们采用 P style 这个术语的原因。
这时我们来看四个选项，A 选项强调的是对比关系，一看就可以排除的炮灰选项。
D 选项的主干是 The motifs make up the oldest form. 跟原句的主干完全不符合，又可排除。
大部分同学都是纠结 B 和 C，而且还不少同学认为这两个选项读完根本就是一个意思, excuse me?!那么接下来我们就得分析下选项中的原因和结果与原句的原因和结构能否对应的上，会不会因果倒置。B 和 C 选项一个最大的区别，就在于 B 选项中 P style 是句子的结果，而 C 选项中 P style 出现在了原因部分。原句的 P style 是句子的结果，所以，正确答案就很明了了，选 B!
咱们再来看另一个例题：
例题 2
However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today.
(A)The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.
(B)Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.
(C)After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.
(D)The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs.
句首的 However 虽然是个转折逻辑词，但对于这道题而言是没有用的，因为这明显是跟上一句话进行转折，而句子简化题考查的是句内逻辑，而不是句间逻辑。这句话是由 and 连接起来的两个句子，所以不少同学觉得这两句话就是并列关系。
这两个句子的主干信息为 no group or species can maintain its dominance 和 mammals began to flourish. 那么最完美的正确选项应该是肯定要包含这两个主干信息的。
大部分同学是在 A 和 B 之间纠结，觉得 A 呢没毛病，B 也挺对的，但是多了个 because 不太敢选。A 相对于 B 而言，是属于信息残缺的选项，B 选项的信息和原句的信息匹配度更高。
但是 because 如何解释呢?举个简单的例子：
It’s raining outside and I decide to order take-out food.
我们可否理解成因为外面下雨了，所以我决定订外卖?这也是说得通的。所以在个别情况下，两个并列的句子也可以有隐含的因果逻辑关系，看句意而定。这题便是，两个句子的核心内容可理解成，因为没有任何物种可以一直维持统治地位，所以，后来哺乳动物 flourish 了。再通过阅读细节可发现 mammals began to flourish 正是恐龙灭绝之后。所以这时我们再对比一下 A 和 B，B 选项和原句的还原度是比 A 好的。
二、因果逻辑之细节题
因果逻辑其实无处不在，另一个经常考察此逻辑关系的题型是细节题。现在我们来看几个稍微有点没那么明显的因果逻辑的考题。
例题 3
The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species…Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.
Which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean's waters?
(A)the movements of earth's crust
(B)the accumulation of sediment layers
(C)changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean
(D)changes in earth's temperature
本题题干中看到 responsible for，马上反应到考查的是因果逻辑。不少同学可以快速定位到本段第三句话，但句子中并没有找到明显的因果逻辑词于是不敢判断答案，于是继续往下读，怎么读都觉得没有正确答案同时又浪费了很多时间。
其实这题考的因果逻辑这个考点跟我们上一个句子简化题的例题是很相似的。两个句子并列用 and 连接，但是也有隐含的因果逻辑关系。因为地壳运动封闭了海峡，被陆地包围的地中海也开始蒸发。如果能识别到这层关系，则应该可以秒选 A 了。
例题 4
Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space.
Why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement ?
(A)The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.
(B)The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.
(C)The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.
(D)One of the church’s daily rituals occurred during the night.
这是个细节题，通过题干可定位到本段第二句话。题目问的是 why，但在原文中不能直接找到 because 或 contribute to 等其他因果逻辑词。但我们在定位准确的前提下，仔细在读读第二句话，发现这个句子有现在分词做状语的成分，而 v-ing 是可以做结果状语的。那么 requiring an alarm arrangement 的前面信息的同义改写便是这道题的正确答案。此题正确答案为 D。
本文仅简单列举了因果逻辑关系在阅读中的几种考法，它还可以出现在推断题，句子插入题中，由于篇幅有限就不一一列举例题了。识别因果逻辑的不同表现形式是可以帮助提高我们的答题效率的一个突破点。回到本文提出的第一个问题，笔者罗列了一些给大家参考一下：
1、显性因果逻辑词：
since, because, because of, thus, hence, as a result, result from, responsible for, due to, so that, consequently, account for, explain, factor, outcome……
2、隐性因果逻辑词：
lead to, stimulate, enable, motivate, encourage, contribute to, trigger, give rise to, induce, affect, damage, impact, depend on, rely on......
学会掌握托福阅读中的逻辑词
关系词从逻辑功能的实现来分类的话，一般可以分为转折(but)、让步(although)、对比(unlike)、并列(and)、递进 (moreover)、举例(for example)、因果(because)、类比(like)和总结(in general)这九类。而从所连接信息的方向来分的话，其实只有两类，第一类是改变方向，包括转折、让步和对比;其余剩下的都是第二类，维持方向。比如，如果听到某人说：“I’d love to go with you，but…”这时我们心里一定都会感觉到这人十有八九去不了了。
而如果他说的是：“I’d love to go with you，and…”那么后面的话至少不会表达出不去的意愿。也就是说，维持方向的关系词连接的前后信息必须是同向的，而改变方向的关系词所连接的信息则应该是反向的。当我们在做题的时候，可能有些句子结构或单词不理解，如果句子中有关系词，那么至少可以帮助我们判断出句意的方向，而有些题目只需要判断出方向其实就能得出答案。下面举两个判断题的例子进行说明。
原文：IPhone is gaining popularity， despite its cost。
题目：IPhone is costly。
题目要我们判断iPhone 是否昂贵，但原文并没有直接给出其价格的高低。可是我们注意到原文句子中含有一个关系词despite，它是属于改变方向的词，也就是说despite前后连接的这两个句子方向得相反。前面说iPhone越来越受欢迎，应该算是件好事，那么后面说到它的价格，显然是不能令人满意的，也就是比较贵，这样才符合句意的逻辑。因此我们马上就可以判断出该题的答案是TRUE。
原文：Baekeland’s invention (Bakelite)， although treated with distain in its early years，went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of thetwentieth century。
题目：Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile material。
这是Test2的12题，题目要我们判断Bakelite是不是马上受到欢迎，原文提到它treated with distain inits early years，但麻烦的是可能会有相当部分的同学不认识distain 这个词，这样似乎就没办法判断出Bakelite在早年被如何对待。但是千万要注意这个句子有一个关系词although，它表示让步，属于改变方向，那么由它连接的两个句子句意得是相反的，这样我们可以试图从已知推未知。后面这句话我们从enjoy，popularity可以得出一个信息，就是 Bakelite在20世纪的前半期一直是受欢迎的，方向是好的，那么前半句treated with distain in its early years必须就要表达出不好的信息，也就是在前几年受到不好的对待，这样才能符合句子逻辑。因此，我们马上就可以做出判断，既然在前几年受到不好的对待，那么Bakelite就不可能马上受到欢迎了，因此该题的答案是FALSE。这样，我们在考试时根本就不用具体去理解distain(指名誉受损)的真正含义，只用判断方向照样能够做对题目。
除了判断题之外，关系词对Summary题也十分有用。Summary是文章或部分段落的缩写，有时候某些词同义替换的形式变化比较大，如果只用关键词去查找，很多时候并不容易定位。但是不管词怎么变，逻辑关系一般不变。如果题目中表达出因果关系或转折关系，那么所找到的原文一般也会表达出同样的逻辑关系。这样，我们就可以利用上关系词来帮助一起定位。
比如Test2的30~31题：In Britain， moreover， scientists worried that English had neither the30________ nor the 31________ to express their ideas。这两道题用词去查找并不好定位。但我们也要注意到这两个空有一个关系词词组“neither…nor…”，它们表示并列，并且是否定的并列。通过这点在原文中很容易就注意到有一个信息是：“First， it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second， itlacked the grammatical resources…”其中，“First…， Second…”表达出了两样事物的并列，而lack(缺乏)这个单词则表达出了否定。这样就比较容易能够定位到这两句话并且得出答案是 technicalvocabulary和grammatical resources。
篇2：托福阅读解题需学会看逻辑提示词
托福阅读解题需学会看“脸色” 这些逻辑提示词不可不知
托福阅读逻辑提示词是什么?
今天来聊聊托福阅读。不知大家是否细心留意过一些频繁出现在段落中的“提示词”。通过这些“提示词”，可以判断出句与句之间的关联，帮助洞悉段落的发展线索。不仅可以加快阅读的速度，更能提高阅读的效率。下面就来了解一下这五种提示词吧。
托福阅读逻辑提示词类型：信息相同
and, moreover, furthermore, what’s more, in addition, that, then, also, and also, else, likewise...
当大家看到这些提示词的时候，需要意识到句子前后的关系是并列、相近、或更进一步的，此时阅读速度无需减慢。
托福阅读逻辑提示词类型：因果关系
because, for, for this reason, so, as, since, by virtue of, due to, owing to, therefore, consequently, as a consequence, thus, hence...
当大家看到这些提示词的时候，需要正确认识到句子间的因果关系。
托福阅读逻辑提示词类型：叙述顺序
first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, and so on, last, next, above all, last but not the least, after, before, afterward...
掌握好这些提示词，就能把握住作者的叙述顺序，理清每一个论据。
托福阅读逻辑提示词类型：思路转折
although, even though, however, but, on the contrary, in spite of, despite, otherwise, nevertheless, yet...
看到这些提示词，就表明出现了完全不同信息的迹象。在阅读时，要格外注意，一旦出现这些词，就需要放慢阅读的速度，从而透彻地理解作者的意图。
托福阅读逻辑提示词类型：总结归纳
as a result, finally, in short, in conclusion, in a nutshell, in brief, in a word, to summarize, on the whole...
托福阅读长难句实战向分析演练：The Independent Television..
托福阅读长难句实例
The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for “misleadingness” —creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.
句子分析
本句主干部分的谓语动词是...has criticized...，主语是The Independent Television Commission，而regulator of ...则作为同位语，是对主语的补充说明。破折号之间的creating a wrong impression...是现在分词作后置定语，修饰前面的misleadingness。最后that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的techniques。
单词回顾
regulator这里表示“监管机构”。
criticize sb. for sth. 指“为了某事批评某人”，比如：He criticized me for not finishing the work in time. 他因我未及时完成工作而批评我。
intentionally表示“有意地”，名词为intention。
in an effort to表示“努力想……”，类似effort的用法，还有make every effort 表示“尽一切努力”，spare no effort表示“不遗余力”。
句子翻译
监管英国电视广告的独立电视委员会批评广告商们的误导行为——有意或无意地给人创造了一种错误印象，委员会还努力控制广告商们利用技巧，因为通过技巧处理之后的广告会使得儿童很难判断玩具的真实尺寸、功能、 性能和构造。
托福阅读长难句实战向分析演练：The explanation is that...
托福阅读长难句实例
The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.
句子分析
本句主要是在做解释，这个解释是通过is之后that引导的表语从句来展开。在这个从句中有多个谓语动词并列出现，分别是：excavated, modified, plugged up，这些动作的实施都是为了in order to后面表达的目的，即create reservoirs，最后which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的名词reservoirs。
这句话句简题的正确答案应该是选项A. Southern Maya populations obtained the water they needed for the dry season by collecting and storing rainwater in sealed depressions. (玛雅南部地区的居民通过堵住缝隙的低地来收集和储存雨水，以备旱季之用。)我们来看看其他几个错误答案的原因：选项B. The Maya are credited with creating methods for modifying natural rainwater and storing it. 其中的modifying natural rainwater是原句所没有提到的;选项C. Leaks in the karst caused difficulties in the creation of reservoirs, which were needed to store water for the dry season. 其中leaks in the karst这个问题在原句中已经通过涂上灰泥得到了解决，所以不存在困难;选项D. Southern Mayans were more successful at collecting rain than storing it during dry seasons. 其中more successful的比较在原句中没有提到。
单词回顾
depression本意是“沮丧;萧条”，在这里表示“低地”。
excavate depressions指的是“挖掘低地”。
modify本意是“修改”，在这里说的是“改造自然的低地”。
plug up leaks指的是“堵住漏水的地方”。
karst是大家所熟悉的一种地貌，叫“喀斯特地貌”，具有溶蚀力的水对可溶性岩石(大多为石灰岩)进行溶蚀等作用所形成的地貌。
catchment basins指的是“集水盆地”。
plaster作名词，表示“石膏“，作动词，表示”涂以灰泥” ，
比如：His broken leg was encased in plaster. 他骨折的腿被打上了石膏。
句子翻译
有一种解释是玛雅人挖掘或者改造自然的低地，然后通过在低地底部涂上灰泥来堵住喀斯特地貌所造成的漏水地方，这样做可以建立水库，而这些水库可以收集来自抹了灰泥的大型集水盆地的雨水并储存起来，以备旱季所用。
托福阅读长难句实战向分析演练：Fladmark’s hypothesis received...
托福阅读长难句实例
Fladmark’s hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.
句子分析
本句的主句应该是Fladmark’s hypothesis received additional support from the fact…，然后that引导的是同位语从句，进一步解释说明前面的the fact。最后suggesting that...是现在分词结构，也引导宾语从句，这里意思是“表明……”。
解题思路
本句句简题的答案应该是C. The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis.(在西海岸美洲原住民语言的最大多样性强化了弗莱德马克的假设。)
句子翻译
美洲西海岸地区最多样的原住民语言的存在表明了这个地区是美洲定居时间最早的，这一事实给弗莱德马克的假设提供了进一步的证据支持。
篇3：托福阅读逻辑信号词总结
托福阅读当中，逻辑信号词好比旅途中的路标与灯塔，让你不致迷路，可以朝着发现解题题眼的正确方向迈进，所以，熟练掌握各类托福阅读信号词是托福高分的基本条件之一。
托福阅读逻辑信号词总结
1.显示相同信息的信号词
There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.
“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括：
and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example
2.显示思路转折的信号词
I'd like to go but I'm too busy.
“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。阅读时，碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度，以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。这类信号词还有：
although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet
3.显示因果关系的信号词
As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.
All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.
所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有：
for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently
4.显示顺序的信号词
Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second,the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.
抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序，也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括：
first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally
5.表示结论/总结的信号词
In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.
词组“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。读到带有这样的信号词或短语的句子时，应格外留心注意，它们往往会向我们提示相关段落的核心信息。表示结论或总结的信号词和短语还有：
as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word
全面详细归纳托福阅读中的信号词
1.主题
主题类信号词一般出现在讲座开头，例如
●let's...
●Today, I will be talking about ...
●Today，we’ll focus on/ discuss...
但有些讲座的教授在点明主题之前会提及其它信息，例如：
●Last time, we talked about ... today, we will be discussing ...
●We’ve been talking about ... Today, let’s discuss ...
●Continuing ... Today, we will ...
此时，today后面的内容才是关键，不能被today前面的内容误导了。
2.定义
下定义也是讲座中常见的内容，被定义的概念是讲座的关键内容，需要做笔记。
此类信号词有：
●what I mean is
●All that means is
●which is / that is
●in other words，...
●... is referred to as...
●... is named/known/called
3.举例
比起例子中的种.种细节，教授借例子说明的道理更为关键。
听到for instance，such as，namely，as an example，take example for，say，consider，take之类的字眼后，考生需要回忆起举例之前讲解的内容。
TIP：有些教授讲完例子后会进行总结，如果考生记不起例子之前的内容，此时记下总结性话语也能保证答题哟。
4.对比
讲座中，教授常常对比两个容易混淆的概念。我们需分别记录两者异同。此处一定会出现出题点。
常见的对比类信号词有：
●We should not confuse A and B
●A is different from B
●First, let’s make a clear distinction between A and B
●compare to
●contrast
●Unlike
●similar to
●in contrast to
●...differently
●...differ
●alike
●resemble
●on the other hand，
●instead，
●likewise，
●in the same way等。
5.分类
阐述关键概念时，教授常讲解此概念的相关分类。
例如，阐述海豚发声方式时，会具体阐述是哪几种发声方式，即whistles，cliques和burst pulses。
通常教授会点明分类的数量，但也可能不给出具体数据，而是笼统地说有“很多种”。
例如，there are many types of ...，we gather data in a variety of ways ...。
6.因果
学术讲座中，因果是常见的逻辑关系之一。细节题多出现于此处。
表示原因的信号词有：because，because of，due to，since，as，for，the reason is，that’s why，by reason of，owing to。
表示结果的信号词有：so, so that, therefore, thereby, hereby, thus, as a result, consequently, hence, accordingly。
7.转折
转折是对前文的否定，转折后面出现的信息往往需要强调，此处多为出题点。
常见的表示转折的信号词有：but，however，nevertheless，while, yet, unless, except for, actually，in fact, to tell you the truth，practically，virtually，as a matter of fact。
8.结论
讲座的最后也可能是出题点，而且该点比较容易得分。结论是最新获得的信息，遗忘率最低。咱们千万不能放弃这类题。
常见的结论性信号词有：conclusion，summarize，make a summary，in brief，in short，in a word，in a conclusion，finally，all in all，to sum up。
托福阅读题型讲义分类资料
托福阅读分类题型讲义内容节选：
By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and Line weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during
(5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber—or lint—from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were
(10) concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a handpowered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from
(15) seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.
The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American
(20) export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic.
The(25) growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.
3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCEPT
(A) cotton's softness
(B) cotton's ease of processing
(C) a shortage of flax and wool
(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.
答案：C
托福阅读分数对照表
托福阅读评分标准是这样的：托福阅读三篇文章，每篇12-14道题，如果有加试的话，从所有考题中选3篇阅读题目计分。回答正确的总题目数量加起来就是你的总分。除托福阅读观点题和归类题以外，每道题分值1分。重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。托福阅读分数范围为0-30分。在托福官方指南中，关于托福阅读评分标准的描述是这样的：The Reading Section score is based on your performance on multiple-choice items. Except for the last question of each set， you received one point for each of the questions you answered correctly. The total points that you received were than converted to a score on a scale from 0-30. The reported score for the Reading Section will always be on this scale of 0-30.
The last question in each set is worth 2 points. These questions were scored as follows：
If you had： You received
1 correct answers 0 points
2 correct answers 1 point
3 correct answers 2 points
小编提醒考生注意：托福阅读应该计算实际拿到多少原始分“Raw Point Total(0-45)”，再参照评分表，计算最后的分数(0-30)。不同版本的试卷因难度不同有不同的转换标准，所以托福阅读是没有固定的评分表的。
篇4：托福口语常用逻辑词
托福口语常用逻辑词梳理，让你的表达更local!
1. Addition(递进)
常用词汇：moreover, what is more, furthermore, , let alone,
additionally, not to mention (this)， besides (this) , in addition (to
this)
2. Reference(引用)
常用词汇：considering (this)， regarding (this)， as for (this)， concerning (this)， on the subject of (this)
3. Example (举例)
常用词汇：such as, particularly, especially, for example, like, in particular, for one thing, notably
4. Similarity(相似)
常用词汇：similarly, in the same way, equally, likewise, as well as
5. Clarification(澄清)
常用词汇：that is (to say)， I mean, (to) put (it) another way, in other words, namely, specifically
6. Conflict(转折)
常用词汇：but, while, on the other hand, however, whereas, in contrast, conversely, still, instead
7. Emphasis(强调)
常用词汇：even more, above all, indeed, more importantly, besides
8. Concession(让步)
常用词汇：but even so, even though, though, although, despite (this)， in spite of (this)， regardless (of this)
9. Cause/Reason(原因)
常用词汇：since, as, in that, for the (simple) reason that, because (of
the fact)， seeing that, owing to (the fact),due to (the fact that)
10. Effect/Result(影响或结果)
常用词汇：consequently, hence, thus, because (of this), as a result (of
this)， for this reason, so that, accordingly, as a consequence, so,
therefore
11. Condition(条件)
常用词汇：if, provided that, in the event that (万一)， as/so long as,
unless, given that, providing that, even if, on (the) condition (that)
12. Conclusion(总结)
常用词汇：lastly, finally, to conclude (with)， as a final point, in the end
托福口语范文：如何帮助朋友庆祝成功
题目
One of your good friends has just gotten one achievement he is longing for, and he is about to celebrate it. From your perspective, as his good friend, how would you help your friend celebrate his achievement?
Sample Response
If my good friend has worked hard for an achievement, I think giving him a photo album about the event would be a great way to celebrate.
A photo album is a special gift that marks the occasion. However, it is not something that goes away, such as flowers that die or food that is eaten. Instead, he can keep the book and enjoy the memories of the event.
Plus, a photo album lets him know I recognize the time that he invested. If the pictures include the steps he took to get to his achievement, he will know that I appreciate his effort.
A photo album is therefore a great way to mark the occasion, remember the event, and also show that I understand the things he went through to reach his goal.
如何看美剧练习纯正的口语发音?
根据ETS官方发布的托福评分标准，口语部分由0-4分的原始分换算为0-30分的标准分，具体将口语水平分为5个等级。
托福口语评分标准
托福口语评分标准 | ||
分值范围 | 分数段 | 语言水平 |
0-4分转换为0-30分值标准 | 25-30 | 高级 |
20-24 | 中高级 | |
16-19 | 中低级 | |
10-15 | 低级 | |
0-9 | 预备初级 |
而从具体要求上，托福口语考官主要根据考生在三个方面的表现进行打分，分别是表述能力(Delivery)、语言运用(Language Use)和话题展开(Topic Development)。
根据ETS的解释，表述能力即语言表达是否清晰。好的回答应该清晰、流畅，发音标准，停顿自然，并且采用自然的语调模式。
而我们想要的圆润自然的发音正是表述能力的一部分，具体应该如何练习呢?根据上海新东方唐腾浩老师的备考建议，需要的是时间、环境、方法以及一点点的天赋。
No.1 练习时间
语言的学习是一个积累的过程，时间投入是每一种语言学习中最重要的一个因素。我们都听过量变引起质变，需要的是量从少变多的过程。
趁着现在这个疫情在家闲得发慌，与其一遍遍担忧生活何时恢复正轨，不如抓紧时间积累量变。
No.2 练习环境
在外国待很久或者是国际学校的学生对英文听说往往很熟悉，反而中文会比较蹩脚。这一点并不难理解，语言的学习与训练需要一个浸染其中的训练环境，帮助大家真正使用和改善所学的新语言。
对于无法在国外生活的同学，没有环境可以自己创造环境。最简单的方法就是利用美剧磨耳朵。
No.3 练习方法
针对学习目的的不同，我们可以把口语练习分为长线练习和短线练习两种方法。前者更多专注于长期提高语言能力，而后者则主要是掌握托福这种考试的应考技巧和答题方法。
但是既然大家的终极目的是在一个外语环境下生活学习，长线的准备无疑是必须的，模仿无疑就是一个很好的复习方法。
中英文在发音上有明显的不同。中文是颗粒感非常足的语音，我们是一个字一个字发音。而英语则存在大量的连音和省音，使英语听起来更加顺滑。
一些同学实际模仿中遇到的困难也正是这些连音和省音导致的变化，总感觉模仿得不像。这就需要大家不断重复。在不断的复读模仿中，逐渐从把每个词读标准，到练习连音省音，再到能够自然地运用。
另外，需要注意的是，中文发音大都依靠口舌即可，而英文发音有很多音素需要面部运动。所以大家如果是看美剧练习，不妨连表情一起学到位，体会面部肌肉的微小变化。
了解到这些，希望同学们通过不断的练习熟能生巧，自我精进。
英语口语
篇5：托福阅读理解题
托福阅读理解题
Questions 1-11
Before the 1500 s， the western plains of North America were dominated by farmers. One group， the Mandans， lived in the upper Missouri River country， primarily in present-day North Dakota. They had large villages of houses built close together. The tight arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one year to the next.
The women had primary responsibility for the fields. They had to exercise considerable skill to produce the desired results， for their northern location meant fleeting growing seasons. Winter often lingered； autumn could be ushered in by severe frost. For good measure， during the spring and summer，drought， heat， hail， grasshoppers， and other frustrations might await the wary grower.
Under such conditions， Mandan women had to grow maize capable of weathering adversity. They began as early as it appeared feasible to do so in the spring. clearing the land，using fire to clear stubble from the fields and then planting. From this point until the first green corn could be harvested，the crop required labor and vigilance.
Harvesting proceeded in two stages. In August the Mandans picked a smaller amount of the crop before it had matured fully. This green corn was boiled， dried， and shelled， with some of the maize slated for immediate consumption and the rest stored in animal-skin bags. Later in the fall， the people picked the rest of the corn. They saved the best of the harvest for seeds or for trade， with the remainder eaten right away or stored for later use in underground reserves. With appropriate banking of the extra food， the Mandans protected themselves against the disaster of crop failure and accompanying hunger.
The women planted another staple， squash， about the first of June， and harvested it near the time of the green corn harvest. After they picked it， they sliced it， dried it， and strung the slices before they stored them. Once again， they saved the seed from the best of the year s crop. The Mandans also grew sunflowers and tobacco； the latter was the particular task of the old men.
1. The Mandans built their houses close together in order to
（A） guard their supplies of food
（B） protect themselves against the weather
（C） allow more room for growing corn
（D） share farming implements
2.The word “enabled” in line 5 is closest in meaning to
（A）covered
（B） reminded
（C）helped
（D）isolated
3.The word “considerable” in line 10 is closest in meaning to
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