如何提升托福写作中的逻辑关联性
“啦哩啦”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了8篇如何提升托福写作中的逻辑关联性，以下是小编整理后的如何提升托福写作中的逻辑关联性，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
篇1：如何提升托福写作中的逻辑关联性
托福写作重逻辑 如何提升写作中的逻辑关联性
一.官方对托福写作逻辑性的要求
首先我们来看一下OG是如何要求well-developed的：
ave I done my best to support and develop my ideas?(有没有支持立场的分论点?)
o I include enough details in each paragraph so that the main idea and topic sentence are explained fully?(每段是否有很充分的细节支持分论点?)
o I use words and phrases that help the reader think about relationships between different ideas in the essay?(句与句之间是否有用逻辑连接词/短语?)
二.逻辑推理要合理
每个段落要做到很好的展开，就要注意句与句之间的逻辑性。官方指南OGP中介绍了很多种展开的方法，包括讲故事、举例子、说道理等等，同时补充了大量的逻辑连接词。同学们习惯于把逻辑连接词/短语事先准备好，平时练习或者考试时都先打出来再往里面僵硬地填充内容，以为可以骗过e-rater和考官。但在这些逻辑词下，我们往往会看到同学写出这样的内容：因为独生子女，所以自私;因为科技和经济发展，所以压力大。
其实第二句和第一句之间并没有直接的因果关系，第二句并不是对第一句的进一步论述，所以即便有暗示逻辑关系的连接词/短语，内容上并非如此。也就是不符合评分标准中的渐进性(progression)。
在“因为独生子女，所以自私”的例子中，我们可以这样推理：独生子女(only-child)→得到更多家人的关注(limelight)→缺少付出的意识(less give, more take)→自私(egoism);此外，独生子女→缺少和兄弟姐妹的相处(interact with siblings)→缺少分享的意识(share)→自私。
这样的两条简单逻辑链就可以推出“自私”的结果。
三.托福写作逻辑能力需要多练习
对于提升托福写作中展开逻辑链，小编建议大家结合托福写作机经中的主题句，在草稿纸上用中文关键词罗列因果链，训练演绎推理的方法，反复追问因果关系(causality)是否成立。通过这种方式来训练自己的逻辑思维能力，进而逐步学会展开的写作思路和方法。
提升托福写作离不开逻辑能力的提升，大家在平时写作练习中要注意逻辑的关联性，如果逻辑能力尚有欠缺，建议在写作之前先打草稿做推理，然后再开始写作。
托福写作：病句的改造
1). 破碎句
所谓破碎句，就是句子不完整，通常是没有谓语(或者说谓语是动词的非谓语形式，如分词)，或者是从句单独成句。
破碎句：She singing alone. (无谓语，singing是现在分词)
正确句：She is singing alone.
破碎句：He did not come. Because he was sick. (从句单独成句)
正确句：He did not come because he was sick.
2).接连句
所谓接连据，就是两个句子直接连在一起，既未使用连词，也未使用正确的标点符号。
接连句: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers they have greater freedom in planning their time.
正确句一: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers. However, they have greater freedom in planning their time.
正确句二: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers; however, they have greater freedom in planning their time.
3).句子连接不正确
所谓句子连接不正确，就是两个独立的句子之间以逗号连接，这是不合英语语法的。正确的做法是以连词、分号、冒号、句号等连接两个句子。
不正确句: Breaking chalk into two pieces is a physical change, there is no change in the composition of the chalk.
正确句： Breaking chalk into two pieces is a physical change, so there is no change in the composition of the chalk.
托福写作：父母与学校教育类
Should parents limit the time that children watch television?
Should parents encourage children to finish the homework independently or help them finish?
Should parents allow children to make mistakes and draw lessons from what they have done?
Should University provide students with the courses of career preparation?
Should the professor focus on research and study or educating students?
Should university spend more money on facilities’ improvement or hiring famous teachers?
Can people become well-educated more easily than before?
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: the best way to let a student gain more interests in a certain subject is to tell them it helps their life in the future.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: All high-school students should take basic economic courses.
The best way for parents to teach their children about responsibility is to have them care for animals.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement ：
Parents today are more involved in their children's education than parents were in the past.
Should students pay attention to famous teachers or satisfied jobs after graduation when they apply universities?
Do you do you agree or disagree with the following statement with the following statement? One of the ways that parents can help children be ready for adult life to ask them to do a part-time job. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
篇2：托福写作中的逻辑关系词
托福写作中的逻辑关系词
作文中的逻辑联系词一直都是帮助考生提高自己成绩的至宝。我们在写英文复杂句的时候其实就是将两个或两个以上的句子用连接词连接起来的。前面没有连接词的主+谓+宾的结构叫做主句，而前面加了连接词的主+谓+宾叫做从句。而如果是多个句子的叠加，则结构如下。
主句+连词+从句+连词+从句
英文复杂句的本质其实就是这么简单，当然我们还能写出更加困难的复杂句，但从ets给出的满分范文可以看出，真正确保了核心结构才能写出满分的句子。相反的，我们在写托福作文的时候一定要避免为了写难句而写难句(being difficult just for difficulty’s sake).很多同学一相情愿的写出很多的“难句”，却忽视了ets对托福作文实用加准确的要求，从而拿了出乎本人意料的低分。
所以考生们在平时练习作文的时候提高自己的联系词实用的熟练度和准确度就是提高考试作文质量的最佳途径。
转折关系词
1， While; whereas; whilst：用在句首或是句中都是可以的，表示主句和从句的对比，也就是说这三个词均用来表示句中对比，是不能当成句首副词来用的。
Eg
This is based on the belief that identical twins share all the same genes whereas all the fraternal twins share only half the same genes.
While environmentalists are quick to blame the increased carbon dioxide emissions for the global warming, the truth is that nobody knows whether a similar warming-and the later cooling-occurred before the advent of temperature-related technology in the 1900s.
2， by/in contrast:用在句首，表示它之前的一个句子和它后面引导的句子之间的对比，也就是表示句间对比。
3， on the contrary：这个词考生们都很喜欢用，但是错误率很高。需要注意的是这个词和in contrast弄混了，但其实这个此更接近instead，…的意思。它后面的内容是否定前面的陈述的。
Eg：
It should be noted that not all school kids love to study. On the contrary, they love to explore the world around them, paying little attention to their academic work.
Contrary to all the experts’ expectation, the American economy took a nosedive.
4， rather than/instead of: 而不是，这两词是高分范文中的常见词汇，虽然也很为我们所熟悉，但是我们可以在不产生审美疲劳的情况下多使用几次。
At work, we should try to be ourselves rather than to be someone who we think others expect us to be.
Instead of making further requests, pessimistic customers tend to lodge complaints.
5， Conversely:这货十分难写，跟在它后面的内容一般是把它前面的一句话的意思完全镜像。虽然它在美式议论文还算比较常见的一个单词，但是因为其用法确实让人头痛。具体请看例句：
Studies have shown, for example, that reading aloud to children helps them become better readers. Conversely, children who do not have others reading aloud to them generally find it difficult to learn how to read.
让步关系词
1. Despite; In spite of; Notwithstanding: 后面跟名词或者代词。
Eg：
Despite considerable public popularity, many of JFK’s social and civil rights programs had made little progress in a Democrat-controlled but conservative Congress.
2. Nonetheless; Nevertheless: 后面直接跟完整的句子。
Eg：
Nevertheless, people have been harmed, hurt or even killed by them.
3. Even though:很多时候可以代替although，后面跟从句，表示对已经存在的状况进行让步。
4. Even if：后面跟从句，表示对没有发生的情况进行让步。
5. Albeit：一般用在句子中间，后面跟形容词。
6. As long as：只要，用在句子中间，不仅写作很常用，口语也很常用，比如那句有名的歌词:I don’t care who you are, where you from , what you did as long as you love me.
7. ….,however +adj.+n.,…: 这个句型也可以表示让步，它的有趣的之处就是名词后面可以省略动词。
Eg：
Most couples, however fossilized their relationship, they always share some interests in common.
8. Admittedly: 他后面的句子一般都会加个“however”“but”之类的转折词汇。
限定关系词
1. In terms of: 从。。。意义上来讲;后面跟名词或者名词短语，用在句首或者句中都可以。
Eg：
We all differ in terms of what we find funny, but we’re all the same in terms our interests to listen to amusing things.
These children are often spoiled, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have time for this, but in more material ways.
2. As for：后面可跟名词或者名词短语都可以，用在句首
3. When it comes to:后面跟名词或者名词短语，用在句首，有时候根据上下意思不同还可以再前面加上一个but
4. Regarding; concerning; with regard to; with respect to：关于。。。后面跟名词或者名词短语，用在句首或者句中都可以
类比关系词
1. Similarly:“类似地”一般情况下用在句首
Eg:
Similarly, students who have to cope with intense peer pressure may have a hard time concentrating on their academic subjects.
2. Likewise:同上
Eg
Some people have little power to do good, and to have little strength to resist evil.-------Samuel Johnson.
3. By the same token:：“同理”
Eg:
The pressure didn’t present any fresh ideas, bun y the same token(=similarly), we didn’t expect any from him.
4. The same is true of:“这对于。。。也适用”，句首，后面跟名词或者名词短语
因果关系词
原因：
1. As; Since:后面跟从句而不能只跟一个名词
Eg：
Since we cannot experience everything all by ourselves, we also acquire knowledge by reading books, magazines and newspapers.
2. Due to ：后面只能跟从句而不能跟从句。
3. Owing to：同上
4. For the sake of，相当于英文中的for the purpose of helping/improving
Eg
My father kept saving his money for the sake of building a house for me.
5. By virtue of:意识是“通过。。。来。。。”
Eg:
She succeed by virtue of her tenacity rather than her talent.
6. Given that; In view of, in light of“考虑到，鉴于。。。”
Eg:
Given the mounting pressure at work, he would sacrifice his high-paying job in exchange for the leisure time.
所以：
1. Hence; Thus; Therefore:因此; 用在句中或者句首都可以，如果用在句中的话，则句中用分号，后面跟他们引导的从句。
2. As a consequence; Consequently;as a result: 作为结果，用在句首比较多，后面用逗号。
3. So that：因此，用在句中。
托福写作词语运用两大原则
一。“言简朴实原则”
“言简朴实原则”意思是行文主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy)，句子应该越短越好，一句能用两个字，绝不多加一个。例如：
At this point in time， we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)这句话中“At this point in time”表示“现在”，我们完全可以用now来代替。
Despite the fact that my English is not very good， I am not discouraged。(虽然我的英语不好，但我不灰心。) 这句话中despite the fact tha t= although = though，因此我们完全可以改成Although my English is not very good， I am not discouraged。
In the majority of cases， he likes to ride bike to the office. (他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室)。很简单的一句话，完全可以写成 He usually likes to ride bike to the office。
平时我们所说的用词多样化和地道并不是体现在这些时间副词或者是完全可以简化的啰嗦句型上，而是指实用性极强的词如动词和形容词，比如：
Original： Solving trivial problems in the dorm will add your social experience and help you to understand other people’s feelings and learn to be kind。
Revised： Solving trivial problems in the dorm will enrich your social experience and help you to understand other people’s feelings and learn to be considerate。
add，kind表达的含义都比较宽泛。add可以指数量上的增加，也可以指程度的加强，对于“丰富经验、增加知识”这个意思，用enrich会使表达更准确。kind从字面意义上讲是“好的、善良的”，用kind来形容人无法具体地表现出一个人的性格特征到底怎样，原句中是想表达“考虑周到、体贴入微”的特点，要准确表达这个含义应选择considerate。
另外，我们常见的一些累赘用词表现在句意的理解上，比如：
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business. (他有多年经商的经验) actual是多余的，因为experience已经有actual的意味了。
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio. (我们装好收音机的零件)assemble本身就有together的意思，因此together是多余的。
此外还有，in reference to=about; draw to close=end; at an early date=soon等。
二。“平等相处原则”
“平等相处原则”的意思是行文不出现明显的带歧视或偏见的字眼，包括男女性别，也要避免区别，以示“平等”。例如：
Many businessmen(businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful. (许多商人觉得工作压力很大)这句话写businessmen或是businesswomen都是不妥当的，可以改为business people或business executives或business managers就可以包括男女了。
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy。(警察对人民应该有礼貌)假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes。(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant，就能包括男女空中服务员。
其他的如把salesman或saleswoman改为salesperson;把mailman改为mail carrier或postal worker;把foreman改为supervisor等等。
当然，一些带有种族偏见的字眼，甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur)，也要尽量避免使用，以免闹出麻烦。例如：
对黑人不要用 Negro，更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以)，礼貌的说法是Afro-American 或 African-American;
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字)，正确用法是 Caucasian，或 white people;
对犹太人不要用 Hymies，应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;
对越南人不要用 Gook，要用 Vietnamese;
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人，包括 Puerto Rico，正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins，不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化，倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。
还有黑白结婚的孩子，也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼干外面是巧克力，里面是白奶油)。
当然对于一些很不礼貌的老外叫我们中国人Chink 或 Chinaman，而不是Chinese的时候，话说“君子不与小人斗”，我们可以不理(ignore)或是走开(walk away)，尽量避免冲突。
总之，新托福写作要地道，了解他国的文化也是必不可少的“功课”之一。当然，在考试复习时间不充裕的情况下，尽量避免提及非常敏感的话题及用词，清楚简要地表达意思即可。
托福写作范文：The Nobel Academy
The Nobel Academy
For the last 82years, Sweden’s Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal. But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within. Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself. According to Ingmar Bjorksten, the cultural editor for one of the country’s two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent “what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes.”
The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences. This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy’s inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world.
Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek. If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it; not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author’s books.
托福写作范文：The war between Britain and France
The war between Britain and France
In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, South Africa, the West Indies, and Latin America. In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist’ goals and strategies. France sought total domination of Europe. This goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain’s efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon; through treaties. Britain built coalitions (not dissimilar in concept to today’s NATO) guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts. These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths; France was predominant on land, Britain at sea. The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships. Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, from Jutland to Caldaria. All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.
French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy. Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain. This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces. Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe. As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack.
篇3：如何提升托福写作质量逻辑清晰是关键
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如何提升托福写作质量
逻辑清晰是关键
在托福的写作中，我们需要确保的一个宗旨就是明确的逻辑概念。想要提升写作质量，不必过分在内容上进行复杂化，因为托福考试作为一种语言测试方式，其重点在于测试考生英语语言水平。对于内容的要求，只要保证符合逻辑、切合题目。换而言之，也就是在考试中，不必标新立异出一些新的立意来进行文章的论述，这样不但不会让提升自己的写作得分，反而在自己的这些立意题材下很难动笔进行内容论述。
对于中国考生来说，托福作文考题不仅题目弹性小，而且题型相对稳定，对于大家来说是相对比较有优势的。所以，小编推荐大家，托福作文结构模式化，也是最核心的策略。当然，也就是可以理解成我们平时常用的写作模板。但是，我们必须谨记的是模板的使用不要直接套取一些常用模板，要在练习中建立了几套有针对性个人写作模板。在写作中，根据题型的不同按照固定的结构模式进行套用写作训练。同时，在练习写作的同时，对于一些优秀的景点词句也要进行一些摘录和记忆，对于自己写作的质量提高也会有着很大的帮助。
如何快速提升托福写作质量
阐述论点是关键
在初入托福写作的过程中，很多学生总觉得对于写作的备考会是很难入手，究竟备考的重点在词汇或是在论述?应该注重哪一方法的备考内容呢?其实，对于初入托福备考的学生来说，作文的机构往往最难过的一关，同时论述内容和词汇运用也同时会缠绕在此周边。下面，小编就为大家介绍一下初入托福如何快速提升写作质量。
在托福写作的过程中，让自己清楚明确的了解写作思路是我们需要做的一个关键事项。小编需要提醒大家的是，很多学生在看经典范文的时候，一般都会把更多的精力关注到其中的词汇和语句运用中。但是，需要提醒大家的是，对于初入托福的同学来说，在摘录语句的同时，找我范文的架构也是非常重要的关键。
对于很多备考托福的考生来说，需许多复杂的词汇比然就是高端大气的用词。在理想中，将这些词用在写作中，比然是能得到阅卷人的青睐。但是，事实告诉我们对于阅卷人来说，词汇的复杂并不是给发的关键，对于他们来说内容的逻辑感和通顺，才是打分的最基础环节。
当我们用母语汉语来写自己的议论文时，一定能体会到，一篇优秀的议论文关键不是在于语言的表现，而更多在于对于论点的阐述。托福作文也是一样，在写作中不需要炫出你语言的能力，而是要在文章里表现出你驾驭语言，阐述内容的实力。
托福写作：细节支持句
在托福写作中表达观点或看法的时候，很多考生往往苦于没有细节支撑，造成文章空洞，论据薄弱，当然也拿不到高分，那么我们应该用怎样的表达才能使文章充实呢?一起来看下面的例子。
1、To thealready familiar exampleofthelaw of balance， some other examples may beadded：Beyondacertain point more and better food appears tomean increased needfor medical services. Morevacationsrequiremoreamusements，morehotels，andheavier traffic， andsoforth.
除了这个我们都熟悉的平衡规律的例子，我们还可以举出其它一些例子：食品吃得大多太好超过一定程度似乎会增加对医疗卫生的需要;假期大多会要求有更多的娱乐场所、旅馆，也会使交通更拥挤。
2、It isclear thatmany majorsocietal problems areeither adirectorindirect consequenceoftechnological developments.To the well-known exampleofair and water pollution， afew moremaybeadded：depletionofraw materials andenergy resources，urban congestion，unemployment，militaryarms race， andfrustration with anoverlycomplexsociety. This is not toblame all problems onscience and technology， but simply topoint out theirinterrelationships.
非常清楚，许多重大的社会问题要么是由技术发展直接造成的，要么是间接造成的。除了众所周知的大气和水污染问题的例子，还可以举出一些如原材料和能量资源的枯竭，城市的拥挤，失业、军备竞赛以及社会过分复杂给人带来的精神压力。这不是要指责科技发展所带来的问题，而只是要指出它们互相之间的关系。
3、As an illustrationof thebenefits tohost theSummer Olympics， we may seemorethanabilliondollars thevictoris suretolandin television and advertising revenue，plus theinestimable prestigeof holding the first Olympiad ofthenextmillennium. Nowonder ithas beenafierce competition.
为了说明举办夏季奥运会的好处，我们可以看一下电视转播和广告带来的十几亿收入，以及举办下一个一千年的第一个奥运会所带来的无法估计的荣誉。无怪乎竞争相当激烈。历史上有许多这方面的例子。
4、Historyabounds with the examples ofgreat men who madethenormally wasted hoursuseful andproductive. Thomas A. Edisonworked out many inventions between messages whenhewas workingas atelegraph-operator. HarrietBeecher Straw， amother ofsixchildren，wrote parts of UncleTom's Cabinonsheets ofbutchers'paperwhileshewas cooking the toast.BenjaminFranklininhis storyof his life shows anendless number ofsuchefforts.
伟人们都把看上去可浪费的时间充分利用起来，使之产生效率。爱迪生在做电报报务员的时候。利用发报间隙搞出了许多发明。斯托夫人这个有六个孩子的母亲在烤肉的时候，用包生肉的纸写下了<汤姆叔叔的小屋>中的一些章节。富兰克林在他一生中也有许多这样的例子。
篇4：托福写作中表达逻辑的句型
那到底什么样的句型才能在托福写作中得到高分呢? 怎样做到句型丰富呢?。通过不断地归纳和总结，下面将这些表达逻辑的句型介绍给大家。
托福写作中表达逻辑的句型
下文中出现的A，B，“……”(某事物)，“sb”(somebody)， 要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换。
开头：
When it comes to...， some think...
There is a public debate today that...
A is a common way of...， but is it a wise one?
Recently the problem has been broughtsintosfocus.
提出观点：
Now there is a growing awareness that...
It is time we explore the truth of...
Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.
进一步提出观点：
...but that is the only part of the history.
Another equally important aspect is...
A is but one of the many effects. Another is...
Besides， other reasons are...
提出假想例子的方式：
Suppose that...
Just imagine what would be like if...
It is reasonable to expect...
It is not surprising that...
举普通例子：
For example(instance)，...
... such as A，B，C and so on (so forth)
A good case in point is...
A particular example for this is...
引用：
One of the greatest early writers said ...
“Knowledge is power”， such is the remark of ...
“...”. That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).
“...”. How often we hear such words like there.
讲故事(先说故事主体)，this story is not rare
...， such dilemma we often meet in daily life
...， the story still has a realistic significance.
提出原因：
There are many reasons for...
Why ...， for one thing，...
The answer to this problem involves many factors.
Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...
The first reason can be obliviously seen.
Most people would agree that...
Some people may neglect that in fact ...
Others suggest that...
Part of the explanation is ...
进行对比：
The advantages for A outweigh the disadvantages of...
Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...
Indeed ， A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.
A maybe ... ， but it suffers from the disadvantage that...
承上启下：
To understand the truth of...， it is also important to see...
A study of ... will make this point clear
让步：
Certainly， B has its own advantages， such as...
I do not deny that A has its own merits.
结尾：
From what has been discussed above， we may safely drawthe conclusion that...
In summary， it is wiser...
In short...
托福写作中什么场景需要用虚拟语态书写?
根据英语的语法，虚拟语气的结构分成了好多种，可是在综合写作中，我们只需要熟悉2-3种即可，即便是英语语法知识掌握的不怎么好的考生也可以准确使用。常用于综合类写作的虚拟语气结构为：
1. …would/should have done(动词的过去分词)…+if…
2. …may/might have done…(动词的过去分词)…+if…
3. …could have done…(动词的过去分词)…+if…
当我们需要对讲座中教授的某些观点表达“猜测”时，我们就可以使用这几个虚拟语气的结构。从意思上来说，2和3都表示“很有可能”的意思，而第一个则有“本应该，也许将要”的意义，我们在使用的时候注意这些细微差异即可。接下来我们通过几个例子来具体说明一下它们的用法：
As a final point both the reading and lecture mention that Neanderthals had developed muscles in their stomach To argue against the reading’s assertion that these muscles helped Neanderthals to speak， the lecturer argues that these muscles could have been used for other purposes. Instead， she states that perhaps the muscles helped them to travel farther or climb mountains easier.
在讲座中，教授对于尼安德特人是否会说话这一争论给出了自己的见解，阅读中的观点是讲他们腹肌非常发达，所以可以帮助他们说话;而教授却指出他们的这些肌肉可能是用来生存，而非帮助他们讲话的，因为当时他们生存的环境比较严酷，因此需要这些发达的腹部肌肉来爬山或远足。但是听力中教授在谈到这个观点时的语气也是一种猜测的口吻，所以我们在写这个段落的时候就可以使用虚拟语气。上面划线的这个句子里由于主语在后面的意思中是一个“被动”的意义，所以作者在虚拟语气后采用了被动语态。也许这样说有些考生还是无法完全体会虚拟语气的“强大”之处，因此我们不妨把这个地方改成常规的句子比较一下就可以看出明显的差别：“…these muscles had been used for…”， 改了之后的过去完成时表示的是他们“肯定已经用了腹肌”，这样一来意思完全和教授在讲座中的意思不一样了，所以表达就不够准确。想要获得高分的考生在这个细节上一定要特别注意。
The next point brought up is that deforestation by the Dutch destroyed the dodos’ natural habitats. However， the professor first claims that deforestation did not cover the entire island nor did it kill many other bird species. He next declares that dodos did not nest in trees， so their disappearance should not have bothered the dodo.
Finally， in contrast to the reading’s argument that a disease brought by the Dutch may have killed the dodos， the professor says the dodo population may already have been decliningbefore the Dutch arrived.
这篇文章讨论的是渡渡鸟是否是由于人类的活动而灭亡的。其中阅读提到了荷兰人将岛上的森林全部砍伐，从而使得渡渡鸟的栖息地遭到破坏;而教授则指出荷兰人只是砍掉了部分森林用做耕地，岛上大部分森林还是保存完好的。此外，由于渡渡鸟不会飞，因此它们将自己的巢穴建在地上，而非树上，所以即使森林全部消失了，对于它们的影响也是有限的。在第一段中，作者在描述了上述原因后，用虚拟语态来表示“与事实不符”的假定，即“森林的砍伐应该不会对渡渡鸟产生影响”或者“森林的砍伐本不应该对渡渡鸟产生任何影响”，这样的描述在语言上显然非常精确。同样，假如我们用一般过去时来写这句话，那我们所表达的含义是“肯定”的，这样可能会与讲座的意思不完全符合。最后再来看第2段，由于讲座里教授也给出了荷兰人到达岛之前渡渡鸟的数量有可能已经开始下降的这一猜测，所以作者仍旧使用虚拟语气来表达这一论断，通过对比语气我们不难发现这个句子更准确。
The reading says that Marco Polo’s name was never recorded by any contemporary Chinese; however， the professor counters by arguing that he might have used a different name or was not considered very important by the Chinese and was therefore omitted from their book.
这篇文章讨论的是马可波罗是否到过中国。其中阅读提到了他的名字没有出现在任何中国历史文献中;而讲授则认为马可波罗当时可能使用了不同的名字或者是因为他在中国历史上根本不算是一个值得一提的人物，所以他的名字才未出现在史料中。我们看到这个段落中作者在写教授观点时使用了连续的并列句，而第一处虚拟语态的使用表达的是教授猜测的语气，但后面的一层意思由于教授在讲话时的语气比较肯定，所以又切换成了过去时。可见作者在写这个段落时已经将英语的时态运用到了很熟练的境界。同时，我们学习了这种表达方式后也可以使得我们的综合写作能力得到进一步的加强。
如何合理规划托福写作结构?
由于考场上时间有限，考生必须在平时练就快速构思的本领，以便到考场上能迅速调动自己的思维，规划文章结构。通常情况下，我们给大家推荐五段三点式文章结构。即Introduction 一段，Body三段， 和Conclusion一段。一般第一段会用2-4句话陈述自己的观点，大约60字左右。第2到4段从三个方面论述自己的观点，每段约100字。结尾段用 1-3句话总结自己的观点，大约40个字。那么如何具体规划每一个段落呢?
开头段
开头段主要用以下几种方法来组织，即背景法(Background)、争议法(Controversy)、提问法(Question)、故事法(Story)和引言法(Quotation)。
以背景法为例。背景法一般会提出一种普遍的或值得关注的现象作为背景或者是由远到近，由大到小地谈论紧扣论题的社会观点作为背景。背景法开头段的结构通常如下：背景(1-3句)+论题+反方观点+(反方理由)+过度+(正方观点)+作者的观点+作者的理由。以独立写作试题为例：Technology makes people's lives more complicated. 题目涉及到了现今社会比较热门的话题---科技。这样，我们就可以以这种社会比较关注的现象作为我们作文的开头背景。因此这个题目的首段就可以这样开始：Technology has had tremendous impacts on every aspect of modern life. However， people are having conflicting opinions about whether it has made people's lives more complicated or not. I believe technology has by and large made our lives more convenient.第一句话就是一句紧贴社会的背景，这样写不但很容易打开考生自己的思路，抓住作文的焦点，还能引起考官的共鸣。
中间段落
中间段落的文章结构通常如下：Transitional words + topic sentence + development。如果考生在平时能熟练运用这样的一个结构来展开作文，那么考场上就会凭借这份思维定势来帮助自己抓住每一分。中间三个段落都可以套用这种模式。
Transitional words主要有以下三种，即表顺序：firstly， secondly， finally (last but not least);表并列：besides， in addition;表对比：in contrast， in comparison。这些衔接词会让文章看起来脉络清晰，组织严密，也就做到了评分标准中的“well-organized”一条。
主题句，顾名思义，向考官展示的是考生作文的主要意旨所以它在中间段落中的作用是至关重要的。通常主题句应该注意一下几点：
1.主题句必须是陈述句。有的考生想在写作中创新，于是采用反问句或者其他看似多样化的题目，然而这种多样性带来的后果是给考官观点不明确的印象，很自然地会影响到分数。
2.必须表明观点。如果考生把一句无关痛痒的话放在主题句的位置上，很显然无法表明自身观点。比如像“今天是晴天”这样的话没有表明观点;然而 “今天是个好天气”就包含一种感情色彩在里面，给人一种立场明确的感觉。考生应该切记：没有反驳余地的就不可以作为主题句。
3.态度必须坚决。但是不能极端。
4.每段必须有主题句，理论上讲没有主题句是可以的，但是考场上不可以，没有主题就会浪费考官的时间去帮你总结主题，然而繁忙的考官是不会那么善良地去分析你的题目来抓取你的观点的。
至于中间段落的展开(development)则需要大家学习积累一些常用的段落展开方法，比如举例法、比较法、因果法等。
结尾
文章结尾段落虽然并不像开头和中间段落那样重要，然而没有结尾的文章是不完整的，不符合基本写作要求。所以考生在考场上一定要在结尾处再次声明自己观点(restatement)， 或者提出新的希望，或者提出解决问题的方案，从而让考官有一种善始善终的良好印象。如果考生能做到以上几点，那么我们的作文构思就是比较成功了。
托福写作分析步骤
托福作文第一步：审题、确定托福立场、列出理由(只需要在草稿纸上用英文单词或汉语列出各个理由，防止遗忘)，最少3分钟最多5分钟。要避免两个极端：
a.用时太少，理由没有想清楚就开始写，不仅造成文章逻辑结构不清，还会引起行文中频繁的修正，欲速则不达;b.用时太多，不要追求一次思考就能把每一条理由及相关例证都想出来。其实想出两条之后就可以动笔，各个理由的例证可以写到该段时边思考边写。这一点你不必怀疑，只要你的思维还是正常的，一定能做到。
托福 作文 第二步：托福正文写作最少22分钟最多26分钟：
a.各段写作时，注意对段落的不同部分给予不同的重视。主题句给予最大重视，注意炼句，别说你不想写主题句，主题句可以使读者和笔者本人更清晰该段落写什么。各段中支持性细节写作不必遵循相同的模式。
有n种选择可供参考：1.举具体事例;2.说对方相对缺点;3.使用数据;4.使用假想例子;5.使用类比、比喻、引用等修辞手段来论述。哪一种你最容易想出来，就用哪一种。
b.考前将文章开头、结尾、例证、让步等各种句型背熟练，并且练习和模考时把他们用熟，要象做完型填空一样对待考场作文。别试图在考场上再去临时决定比如哪种开头好，怎样结尾好。使用自己选种的套话。
c.当被告知还有5分钟结束时，一般你应该已经写到最后一条理由，或者已经在做结尾。要确保文章有结尾段(不排除将它和最后一条理由的末段结合在一起的可能性)。
托福 作文 第三步：检查需要1-3分钟，有侧重点地检查：
a.句法：确保每句话是完整的，有谓语，且简单句只有一个谓语。
b.时态：文章绝大部分使用的是一般现在时;一般现在时第三人称要使用单数;使用过去发生的事例时用的是过去时;
c.主谓一致按此三步，持续练习5篇以上，可以确保时间问题。
如何在30分钟行文的整个过程中保持书面整洁：
A、TWE要求必须用铅笔写作文，你要自己准备好铅笔和橡皮。橡皮要有韧性，太硬会擦破纸，有错误要擦干净再改;
B、第一遍写作时要求字迹不要太大也不要太小，通常一行写10-12个左右单词为宜。如果书法不好，可以在考前练习写一下斜体的26个字母。
篇5：如何提升托福写作框架结构
托福写作提升第一步 如何提升写作框架结构?
一.托福写作框架
托福写作的构思主要是指规划文章的整体框架结构，也就是我们通常说的写提纲。写提纲是为了帮助考生确定并理清自己的思维，在写中间段的时候有话可说，保证充实具体。由于考场上时间有限，考生必须在平时练就快速构思的本领，那么在托福写作中我们的思路应该怎么走呢?
二.关于写作框架的共性问题
发现在准备写作的过程中，学生的一个主要疑问就是觉得自己写的文章不够有特点，不够有意思，不够深奥。由此引发出的一个现象就是学生不敢写自己立刻就想到的，最贴近生活的内容，而总是想着如何创新。这个问题的严重性不容忽视。因为这种两难境地大到开遍布局，小到措辞举例。无处不在。最严重的结果就是学生举步维艰。
三.如何提升拓谷写作框架结构
为了解决这个问题我们不妨先来研究一下学生为什么会产生这种思维。很容易理解，大家都觉得众所周知的内容没有意思，没有新鲜感。即便是应试作文，也确实如此。如果阅卷人读完了全部文章，觉得其内容丝毫没有任何独特之处，任何道理例子都是社会评价体系重复过无数次，或者自己已经熟知的。那必然会觉得有些无聊。一旦他的这种心理被唤醒，很难说这种心理状态不会影响到最后的分数。因为人为给分机制多少都会有主观因素。
于是最直接的想法就是，对这些内容避而不谈。转而去寻求一些深奥、常人通常不懂的内容。但这样做有两个问题。其一是这样的内容应用到文章本身就很困难，要求写作的人知识有积淀，内涵有深度。这是短期培训班无法企及的目标。其二是这样的内容，若处理不当，读起来是很让人痛苦的。因为读者有可能真的不懂。
似乎这个问题到此无法圆满的解决。但其实这是一个错误两难。因为除了常识和深奥的知识，还有一类信息是我们可以用的。即，虽然很普通简单，但是阅卷人并不知道的事情或道理。例如你自己的生活经验，你的阅历体验，你的价值观念，你的喜好与厌恶等等。这些源自生活的感想和经历，说出来别人可以立刻明白，而且不会觉得枯燥无聊。因为他没有这么活过。这和写剧本或者写小说是一样的。其内容本身并没有什么晦涩难懂的，有意思的地方是，即便很平常，它也是你没接触过的生活与思维方式。这样的电影也好，小说也好，文章也好，都能够给人非常鲜活的、再活一次的体验。这样的内容给了读者一次机会去以另外一个个体的视角来审视、理解、解释世界。而这本身就像一次探险。只要有未知，自然就会唤起人们的兴趣。如果我们能充分利用这一点，写出用意思又有特点的作文并不是一件难事。
托福写作提升需要提升写作框架结构，但是不建议大家标新立异去写一些自己驾驭不了的内容。托福写作框架拟定要来源于生活，不与一些模板范文重复即可。希望大家在平时练习写作的时候能够注意这一点。
托福写作模板：社会重要问题能否在有生之年解决
题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:The most important problems affecting society will be solved during my lifetime.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
范文1：Argument 1 (for)
Although the problems facing the world today may seem surmountable, I think that some of the most important ones will be solved during my lifetime. Even now, experts are working on solutions to live healthier lives, to provide food for the growing world population, and to equalize the difference between advanced and developing nations.
Health issues are a major concern, and the key to solving them rests in understanding how the human body works. We now have unraveled the DNA sequence, which was one of the biggest hurdles to cross. Instead of mysterious interactions between chemicals and bodies that seem to produce different results every time, medicine is turning into a black-and-white technologywhere one factor has a certain response. As we decipher the genetic code, we get better at interpreting how our bodies will react. Within my lifetime, there will probably be a cure for cancerand a method for controlling plagues. There will no longer be victims suffering from degenerative diseases or even mental illnesses.
Another major problem is how to feed the growing world population. Solutions are on the horizonfor both factors involved. One issue is producing enough food, and efficient agricultural practices such as vertical farming and hydroponics are already increasing the food generated per acre. The other factor is to get the food to people who need it. In reality, thousands of pounds of perfectly acceptable food are disposed of daily. For example, restaurants and caterers discard unused meals, and farmers with bumper crops let food rot on the vine because it cannot be sold locally.Therefore, if better agricultural practices are coupled with better storage and transportation to get the food where it is needed, the problem of feeding the world’s population is solved.
Finally, another pressing concern is the giant rift between advanced nations and developing ones. Children in one area have their own bedrooms and smart phones while children in another area are lacking the necessities of a roof, sanitary water and food, and medical care. This rift can be closed if countries work together. Businesses can locate production facilities in poor regions that will benefit from the influx of jobs. If companies subsidize schools and hospitals, they can increase the educational levels and health of their employees, creating a more efficient work force. If governments do everything possible to facilitate such programs, developing nations will have a chance to compete in the modern world.
At first, solving health problems, ensuring for food distribution, and eliminating the gap between rich and poor countries may seem impossible goals. However, I think they will be addressed during my lifetime.
to equalize the difference between A and B 去平衡 A 和 B 之间的差距
a black-and-white technology 一种黑白分明的科技
a cure for cancer 一种治疗癌症的方法
on the horizon 即将来临的,开始显现
let food rot on the vine 让食物在藤上腐烂
be coupled with X 与 X 结合
pressing concern 迫切的问题
the giant rift 巨大的裂痕
范文2：Argument 2 (against)
Technology is increasing at a rapid rate, making it appear as though all the world’s problems will be solved in the next fifty years. In reality, there is no way to resolve some of the most important issues facing us today. There will continue to be wars, climate change, and pressures of a growing world population well into the foreseeable future.
To Americans sitting in a comfortable home, war is an abstract, distant thing. However, it is a devastating and very real horror to families facing persecution and displacement. Children in Yemen need surgery to mend limbs destroyed by bombs. Bolivians look away as rebels knife a government official. Thousands of Syrians live in tents in a makeshift camp because they lost their homes. These tragedies will continue because there is no way to reconcile the moral and ethical differences between groups. It is human nature to reach for power, so even if the conflicts are reduced in one area, war will emerge in a different area as a greedy leader tries to expand his control.
Climate change is another seemingly irrelevant problem at first glance. It is easy to say that a few degrees of change over fifty or a hundred years is not much. However, climate change is an irreversible process that has already started and will just continue to get worse. There will be more habitat loss, extinctions of species, and drastic natural disasters. Human technology may be able to reduce the damage in some areas, but it cannot return the climate to its former conditions.
One last point is the pressures of an increasing world population. As the number of people on Earth continues to rise, more pressures are placed on the planet to support those people. Even with improvements in agriculture, there will not be enough food to feed everyone. More important, there will not be enough clean water for everyone to drink. With people packed close together, epidemics will spread more quickly. Even the common cold or flu could cause significant damage to the population in a crowded city. There is no magic cure for these problems, and a system of providing food, water, and medical care to everyone in the world is unrealistic.
Therefore, the major problems of war, climate change, and population growth will continue to exist, possibly for as long as human beings exist on Earth.
well into the foreseeable future 在可预见的未来
live in tents in a makeshift camp 住在临时搭建的帐篷里
there is no way to reconcile the moral and ethical differences between groups 伦理差异是无法调和的
to reach for power 获得权力
climate change is an irreversible process 气候变化是一个不可逆转的过程
drastic natural disasters 极端自然灾害，特大自然灾害
With people packed close together, epidemics will spread more quickly 由于人们挤在一起，流行病转播的更快
托福写作模板：小学生学技术还是艺术
题目：An elementary school wants to increase the time on educating students technology (such as computers), which means that students will have less time for the study of music and art.
When it comes to spending the time on studying arts and music and the time on studying technology, which one do you think is better for elementary students?
范文1：Argument 1 (for)
I think it is important for elementary students to get a solid grounding in technology. Technology can help students learn to solve everyday problems, to interact with others, and to prepare for the working world.
First, technology is part of our everyday life, and becoming increasingly more so. If students do not know how to use computers, smart phones, and tablets, they cannot function adequately in this changing world. However, there is more to understanding technology than just typing in a question and reading the answer. Students must know how to escape from a frozen screen, remove and reset a jammed printer, and install new programs. Students who learn about technology gain the mental flexibility to solve basic problems like these. Instead of being stopped by a challenge, a technologically-aware student tries different ways to work around it. In other words, technology helps prepare a student to solve problems and face events that do not run exactly as planned.
Second, technology offers students a chance to interact with other students around the world. Through the internet, students in different countries can see each other and talk, or even collaborate on projects. This experience can bring other subjects such as geology to life because the students can talk with people their own age who are living in the place. Interaction can increase interest in skills such as learning a second language or increase awareness about history or art. Working with friends from around the world, the students gain a wider perspective and are less likely to succumb to prejudice and hatred based on race or nationality. Technology is the key to communication with others around the world.
Third, technology provides useful skills that are in demand by employers. Companies need employees who can manipulate data and operate machinery. Students who have these skills and are ready to work are more likely to be hired than students who do not. Therefore, elementary schools should help prepare students from an early age so that when they reach high school, they can operate spreadsheets, word processing programs, and specialized equipment. Students who go beyond the basics and learn to program, design, or assemble technological devices will be even more prepared to compete in the fast-paced working world.
It is essential for students to learn about technology so that they can capably solve problems, interact with others, and start preparing for the working world.
to get a solid grounding in technology 在技术方面打下坚实的基础
become increasingly more so 变得越来越是如此
the mental flexibility 思维灵活性
a technologically-aware student 一个有技术意识的学生
gain a wider perspective 获得更为广阔的视角
succumb to 屈服于,屈从于
go beyond 超出,超越
范文2：Argument 2 (against)
Children need to have a well-rounded education that includes art and music. Art and music provide many skills that are foundational for further growth and development, physically, mentally, and emotionally, so they should be considered an essential part of any elementary school program.
Young children’s bodies are developing and changing very quickly. Arts can help children learn to use and control their bodies so that they can master more complex tasks in the future. For example, drawing, painting, and calligraphy require manual dexterity to control the pencil, brush, or pen. Children studying these things can learn to use their hands to complete precise tasks. Music offers another example of how children can learn to use their bodies: instruments such as flutes and woodwinds require careful control of breathing combined with fingering of keys. Arts are fun rather than repetitious, so these physical skills are acquired in an enjoyable way.
Arts can also help children improve their memory and concentration. Completing an artwork takes time, sometimes days or weeks, so children must concentrate to finish rather than justrushing on to a new activity . Scientific studies show that if you practice memorizing things such as the process of knitting or weaving, or the notes to perform a song, you can get better at memorization in the future. If children learn to focus on one project and memorize the steps needed to complete it, they will be better able to concentrate for long periods and complete difficult tasks in the future.
Finally, arts can help children develop emotionally. Arts do not have a “right” and “wrong” answer, so children can explore personal creativity. They can feel pride at accomplishing a project that is uniquely theirs. This self-esteem can give them confidence to try new activities without fear of “failing” because they made a mistake. Especially considering the pressures of the modern world, arts can be an essential outlet to try making something beautiful or fun. Arts provide a balance to the rigid programming of other elementary school classes such as math and spelling where it is essential to give the one correct answer.
Arts help children develop physically, mentally, and emotionally. Therefore, arts such as music, drawing, and painting are an essential part of elementary education.
a well-rounded education 全面的教育
manual dexterity 手部灵巧性
rush on to a new activity 匆忙地投入到一项新的活动
arts can help children develop emotionally 艺术可以帮助孩子发展情感
self-esteem 自尊
arts can be an essential outlet to try making something beautiful or fun 艺术可以成为创造美 好或有趣事物的重要途径
provide a balance to X 为X提供了平衡
篇6：托福写作提升方法
托福写作提升方法丨你是否了解审题的重要性?
一.托福写作审题的重要性
托福写作很多人都在练习如何写，如何能有一个漂亮的文笔，这时不少人都忽略了托福作文题目本身，其实托福写作经验提醒大家一个好的开始真的是成功的一半，一定要先把题目弄懂再进行写作。
在托福考场上时间无疑是最为宝贵的，那么怎么能在有限的时间内争分夺秒，迅速阅读并理解题目，理清思路，并组织好语言呢?这需要我们在平时不断大量的练习，以及在每次练习后总结经验教训，以免下次再犯同样的错误。那么在平时的练习以及在考场上，审题无疑是最为重要的环节之一，因为它直接与我们的写作内容相联系，如果我们审题出现了偏差，那么不管我们的语言多么优美生动，不管我们的结构多么合理分明，我们的作文都是不合格的，所以，我们在练习及考试时，都不能不重视审题这一步骤，务必要在最短的时间内抓住题目的关键词，正确理解要求，保证迅速而准确的解读出题目的隐含意义，并迅速梳理出自己的思路，树立自己的观点，写出一篇高质量的作文来。
二.如何审好题目
我们应该熟悉托福作文题目的主要类型，托福写作经验提醒大家要明确托福独立写作主要有几种形式，每种形式的代表词是什么，对于该种类型的题目又有什么方法可以解，哪种方法最为有效最为快速，哪种方法最为百搭，哪种方法容易写出高质量的作文来。
这就要求我们在平时的写作练习中多加思考，积极总结，并且要了解自己的长处和弱项，有针对性的进行练习，这样不但知己知彼，还能扬长避短，保证我们在托福独立写作中得到高分。在平时的练习中，我们阅读题目时，不但要注意题目所讨论的主要问题，究竟是属于经济类还是教育类，更应该抓住一些看似不是重点的虚词，比如 “must”、“should”以及“the most”等等。这些词不但修饰了题目中所要表达的问题，更标志了该种题目的类型，在解题思路上给我们提示。
不管是在平时的托福写作练习还是考场上面，我们都应该抓住关键词，这个关键词不仅仅指“经济”、“教育”这一类词，更是“必须”、“应该”这种表示情感或者说表示态度的词。这种词直接关系到我们可以采取什么态度来回应题目，是完全同意，还是部分同意，亦或者是完全不同意。在平时多多研究这些词语和解题思路的关系，总结相应的套路，能够在考场上为我们节省大量的时间，提升解题效率和准确度，并且帮助我们战无不胜。
总之，在阅读题目时，我们要抓住每一个关键词，深入理解他们的意思，分析不同题目之间相同之处，总结出托福独立写作的套路来，只有通过大量练习和不断总结，我们才能更全面的理解托福独立写作的要求，从而写出符合要求的作文来。
托福写作模板：书本知识与实践经验
Task：It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contained in books.” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?.
托福写作模板范文参考：
We all crave knowledge, especially in this Age of Information, but what is the best source of knowledge? Are we to believe Albert Camus, who stated” The place we are to get knowledge is in books”? Or are we better served by following Albert Einstein's counsel that “The only source of knowledge is experience”? Although books have their place in one's learning, there is no substitute for experience; indeed, it is experience that is ultimately the most important source of knowledge.
First, let us consider the knowledge needed to undertake a profession-for example, that of a physician. Knowledge gained from books provides the foundation of a doctor's training: study in a medical school begins with a near-overload of reading on anatomy, physiology and maladies both rare and common. However, during this time the medical student is also learning through experience, beginning with dissecting cadavers from almost the first day of medical school. Then, the aspiring physician must complete four years of residency, consisting of actual supervised experience at a hospital in which he or she now must put into practice all of the knowledge he or she has edge of dealing with patients, prescribing medication, and the joy and sadness of saving and losing patients; in other words, it is through experience that these residents finally learn what it means to be a doctor.
What about knowledge other than professional expertise-for example, knowledge about another culture? In this realm as well, both books and real-life experience enrich and edify us. For example, Paris is perhaps the most talked-about and written-about city in the world. We could read Hemingway's A Moveable Feast, in which he describes the excitement and intellectual spirit-as well as the restaurants and plentiful red wine-of Paris in the 1920's. Or, we could travel to Paris and eat at bistros, walk across the Pont Neuf and look at the river Seine, visit the Louvre museum, and have adventures of our own. Clearly, most people would have attained more lasting and vivid knowledge by visiting Paris on their own rather than reading about it secondhand.
In summary, experience, rather than books, is more central to our quest for learning, especially with regard to professional expertise. With regard to learning about another culture, experience is also irreplaceable. Yet not everyone in the world will have the health or financial resources to carry out a trip to Paris. But many people have access to a local library where they can borrow A Moveable Feast and, at no cost, read Hemingway's vibrant descriptions of Paris. We cannot forget the complementary and unique knowledge afforded by books, but experience is the most precious source of knowledge.
托福写作之攻略长句子
那什么时候使用长句，什么时候使用短句?
在你要表达中心思想的时候，也就是在写主题句的时候，建议使用短句，因为写中心思想的时候需要在一句话当中把你的主要观点论述清楚，在这种情况下短句的表现力会更好。
在你要表达复杂概念，且这些概念存在因果、对比、时间等逻辑关系的时候，你可以使用长句，这样能让你一句话当中补充的信息比较多，也证明你对英语句子的掌握会比较充分。
所以说，山不在高有仙则名，水不在深有龙则灵，句不在长够用就行。
今天主要介绍三种让句子写得更长、更富有变化的方法。第一种，句子开头的变化。第二种，平行结构。第三种，分词结构。
句子开头的变化
首先，句子开头的变化目的是让句子变得更多样。它对句子长度的增加，并不那么明显。
让我们看个例子：Immediately, the police officer got out of the car and asked for my driver’s license.，immediately放在句首，可以让句子更多样，看起来富于变化。
再看一个例子：Farmlands, However, were less possible to be polluted because of fewer factories in the past. 那这句又把however又放在了主语的后边，谓语动词的前边，组成了一个插入语也可以。像这种句首的副词是一种变化方式。
第二，你可以用短语来开头。看这个例子，In the arena, fans stood with their hands over their hearts and sang the National Anthem with the purpose of showing respect to their country. 大家注意看，这一个单句，但是这句话写的也比较长，你看一下，开头是用了一个In the arena，然后在句子的末尾加了一个介词短语with purpose of doing something。前边加了一个介词短语，后边加了一个介词短语，那整个这句话变得就比较长了，也变得比较多样了。所以说介词短语，也可以让你的句子变得多样，且长度增加。
接下来还有一种方式，就是在句子的开头放上一个不定式，比如说To win，或者是写成in order to win，candidates need to convey a clear message that is not contaminated by the opposition. 前边加了一个in order to或者是to，也可以让句子变得多样，且长度增加。
还有一种方式，利用现在分词来开头，比如说，Tapping the power of being seen, the Oscar nominees appeared on late-night television, morning news programs, and in glossy magazines. ，现在分词tapping就可以起到让句子开头有变化的这种作用，但是注意，tapping出现ing的时候证明这个词的主语跟后面主句的主语一致，这种情况下才可以使用ing的形式来开头。
同样呢，我们还可以使用过去分词做开头，但这种情况下要求后一句的主语要和前边的这个分词形成被动关系，比如说，Seen from the space, the Earth is a blue planet.，其实就是 the earth is seen from the space, the Earth is a blue planet.。所以说这种情况下注意主动和被动关系就行了。主动用ing，被动用过去分词，也就是ed。所以说我们稍微总结一下，句子开头变化可以句首+副词，还可以用短语来开头，还可以用不定式，还可以用分词结构。
平行结构
第二种方式，平行结构这种方式其实非常好用，往往被大家忽视。比如说：My embarrassment stemmed not from the money lostbut from the notoriety gained.，所以说这个地方在说的时候你要想清楚，你看这句话not from...，but from...，这是不是一种平行的短语结构啊，让你的句子变得更加的丰富。
第二呢，She wanted her audience to remember the protest song and to understand its origin.，to remember...，and to understand...，这两个不定式同时也构成了一个平行的结构。
第三句，The team members vowed that they would support each other, that they would play their best, and that they would win the tournament.，注意，这三个平行结构是怎么构成的呢?三个宾语从句，that...，that...，and that...，所以说这一下这个句子就能拉长。再看下边一个例子，Whether her goals include publicizing student and faculty research or increasing research funding, she always works to improve research facilities.，注意，whether后边加的是publicizing...or increasing...，所以说用doing的方式也可以构成平行结构。
在这里大家想一想，究竟什么是平行结构呢。那这个平行结构说的简单点，就是用同样的结构来并列，形成一种关系。常见的呢，可以引导平行结构的短语有：
both...and...;either...or...;neither...nor...;not only...but also...;whether...or...
这都是大家很熟悉的短语。只不过大家平时用的时候都是用名词，both A and B，A和B都是简单的名词或者代词，你没有想想是不是可以用短语来代替这些词，也可以加长句子的长度。
分词结构
第三种，就是分词结构。分词结构我们主要说分词做后置作定语的这种方式。
比如说看例子：By contrast, people living in the cityare suffering from various diseases caused by the environmental contamination, for pollutants from factories and automobiles are continually being discharged into the air and rivers.
这句话里边people living in the city其实就是people who live in the city，主动语态放在后边就可以用一个doing的形式来简化这个定语从句，后边那个various diseases caused by...，其实就是diseases which are caused by...，所以说这种过去分词也可以做后置定语，只要和前边的是个被动的关系就可以了。因此，这种分词结构也能够使句子变得更加丰富更加多样，然后长度也会相应拉长。
总结
前面我们在讲解的过程当中一直在说这个问题，你要让你的句子多样，要让你的句子变长。你发现了吗，变长的时候我们的主力句型是什么呢，就是从句，或者分词，再加上一个并列句，简单的讲就是，你要写成，when I get up, I go to school, and...，怎么怎么怎么样。这样一句话就可以把它拉长。在你写从句的时候，你也可以考虑使用分词来替换，因此呢，这就是我们让句子变长的几个小的技巧。
最后给大家来一个结构非常清楚的长句例子：
Both involving in program engineering and in the after-sale service, Tom could not only sharpen his skills in his major—computer science by being elected as one of top ten programmers in the company but also he could cultivate a new skill—fluently and efficiently communicate with others by answering dozens of calls of complaints from the customers every day.(60 words)
篇7：托福写作常用的逻辑连接词
初级连词
o …,therefore… 因此
o …,which … 引导定语从句，修饰前面的主句
o Eventhough…,… 尽管… , …
o Since/as… 因为...，...
o …instead of… ...而不是...
中级连词
o As amatter of fact = in fact 事实上
o Indeed确实， ... ...
o Obviously/ apparently 显而易见的，...
o Evenif 即使
o Accordingly， ... 相应的
篇8：托福写作常用的逻辑连接词
高级连词
o Otherwise ...否则...
o ...Ratherthan ... 而不是...
o Regardlessof ...不管
o Similarly类似地
让步、递进、对比、举例、泛指关系
让步关系：
让步段落是提分的关键，也是ETS特别喜欢的一种论证段落。本质就是：提出对方的观点+随后攻击该观点。表示让步关系的连接词汇有：
o Although…,…
o Eventhough…,… 一定没有but
o Evenif …, …
o …aslong as… (只要，如果，既然)
另外一些让步段落会用到的词汇表达：
——Admittedly / Undoubtedly / There is no denying that / It cannot be denied that
——May / might / possibly / probably
——One / one or two / a couple of / minor / several
——To some extent / to some degree
【如何提升托福写作中的逻辑关联性】相关文章：
7.托福写作结尾
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