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托福阅读提升整体理解这5类逻辑信号词

2023-03-29 08:21:32 收藏本文下载本文

“wyx”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了5篇托福阅读提升整体理解这5类逻辑信号词，下面是小编为大家准备的托福阅读提升整体理解这5类逻辑信号词，欢迎阅读借鉴。

托福阅读提升整体理解这5类逻辑信号词

篇1：托福阅读提升整体理解这5类逻辑信号词

托福阅读提升整体理解这5类逻辑信号词不可不知

1.显示相同信息的信号词

There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.

“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括：

and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example

2.显示思路转折的信号词

I'd like to go but I'm too busy.

“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。阅读时，碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度，以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。这类信号词还有：

although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet

3.显示因果关系的信号词

As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.

All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.

所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有：

for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently

4.显示顺序的信号词

Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second,the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.

抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序，也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括：

first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally

5.表示结论/总结的信号词

In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.

词组“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。读到带有这样的信号词或短语的句子时，应格外留心注意，它们往往会向我们提示相关段落的核心信息。表示结论或总结的信号词和短语还有：

as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word

以上就是托福阅读中用来判断句子段落逻辑关系的5大类信号词汇总，希望大家能够对这些常见词汇有所了解，提升对托福阅读文章的理解速度和掌握深度。

新托福阅读解析:The Origin And Rise of Modern Birds

学科分类：生物类

题目：The Origin And Rise of Modern Birds

内容回忆：

第1段：指出all bird groups are classified as Neornithes, 科学家使用K-T extinction作为新旧鸟类的dividing line.

第2段：传统认为modern birds 起源于cenozoic。

第3段：指出有新的研究利用 molecule time estimation得出modern birds实际上起源于Cretaceous.

第4段：指出尽管 molecule time estimation是根源于gene sequence，但是不能解释导致mass extinction产生的evolution process.

托福阅读长难句分析:忍受苦难

【句】

Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. ----The Declaration of Independence

【词】

prudence= n.审慎

dictate= v.口述;规定

transient= a.短暂的

accordingly= ad.因此

disposed= a.愿意的;倾向的

sufferable= a.可容忍的

right= v.纠正;恢复

abolish= v.废除

accustomed= a.习惯的

【主干】

Prudence will dictate that + 宾语从句1

【宾语从句1主干】

governments should not be changed; and accordingly all experience hath shown that+宾语从句2

【宾语从句2主干】

mankind are more disposed to suffer than to right themselves

【成分分析】

long established 定语，修饰governments

for light and transient causes 状语

, while evils are sufferable, 插入语

by abolishing the forms 状语

to which they are accustomed.定语，修饰forms

【译】

若真要审慎的来说，成立多年的政府是不应当由于无关紧要的和一时的原因而予以更换的。过去的一切经验都说明，任何苦难，只要尚能忍受，人类还是情愿忍受，也不想为申冤而废除他们久已习惯了的政府形式。

托福阅读长难句分析:技术变革的作用

In most established industries, however, technological change played little role, as in the past, new customers were sought by developing novel products based on existing technologies, such as a new type of woolen cloth with the texture of silk. ——TOEFL, Early Modern Industrialization

看到novel，大部分童鞋首先想到“小说”，但在这语境里，则明显说不通了~(ノへ￣、)

原来在字典里，novel还可以做形容词，表示“新颖的，新奇的”.

来看英文释义：

Novel things are new and different from anything that has been done, experienced, or made before.

回到刚才的句子，novel products就是指“新奇的产品”。

整个句子的意思就是：

然而，在大多数成熟行业中，技术变革发挥的作用不大，因为在过去，可以通过开发以现有技术为基础的新型产品获得新客户，如新型丝绸质地的羊毛布。

新托福阅读题目解析

考题1 The phrase “this respect” in the passage refers to A. enormous variations B. being smaller C. number of inhabitants D. shared characteristics 解析：难点一，很多考生误以为这是词汇题，而词汇题的通常问法是：The word/phrase “…” is closest in meaning to。这道题题干中的“refers to”表明这是代词指代题，需要读懂句子找清前后指代关系; 难点二，很多人不知道respect有名词用法，=aspect，表“方面”; 难点三，回到原文读考句，读不懂。该句为： One may call them towns because even though they varied enormously in numbers of inhabitants, and some were smaller than large villages in this respect, they shared certain characteristics that set them off from rural settlements. 表明从居民数量的方面来看，一些城镇比大村庄的居民数量还少，但它们仍然是城镇，共享着区别于村庄的某些特征。所以此题正确答案是C。考题2 Because what distinguished towns from villages was not so much size as the density of economic and social activities, one writer has argued that an important criterion for town is the existence of traffic jams—the hustle and bustle of oxcarts, long lines of wagons bringing fruits and vegetables, raw materials, and finished goods to markets, and the parade of men and women coming to shop, visit, or attend meetings. 解析：这是句子简化题所在考句，考点在于“not so much A…as B”句式真正意义的考查。在这里，否定A，而肯定B。即城镇区别于村庄的特征并不是其规模大小，而是其经济活动和社会活动的密集度。同样的句式表达还有less A than B。反过来，more A than B，就是肯定A而否定B了。这一考点在同一篇文章中又再次考到，看下题。考题3 考句：In southern Europe there was more continuity from earlier settlement patterns. Growth came less from the creation of new towns than from the flow of immigrants to old settlements. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that urban growth in southern Europe was marked by A. more people in a greater number of towns B. more people in the same number of towns C. development of new settlement patterns D. movement of people into newly created towns 解析：第一句话“In southern Europe there was more continuity from earlier settlement patterns.”属于抽象语言，对抽象语言的理解，一靠大量阅读的积淀，二靠向下文寻找具体对应。此句中的抽象概念“more continuity from earlier settlement patterns”，具体对应到下句的“the flow of immigrants to old settlements”。因为“less A than B”中，A是否定内容，B才是作者重点叙述的肯定内容。所以综合两句信息来看，南欧地区城镇的增长是来自于移民涌入原有的老的定居点，而不是去建造新的定居点/新城镇。所以正确答案选B。

篇2：托福阅读掌握逻辑信号词提升理解力

托福阅读文章读完看不懂应对技巧讲解掌握逻辑信号词提升理解力

1.托福阅读逻辑信号词：同类信息

There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.

“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括：

and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example

2.托福阅读逻辑信号词：转折关系

I'd like to go but I'm too busy.

although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet

3.托福阅读逻辑信号词：因果关系

As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.

All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.

所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有：

for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently

4.托福阅读逻辑信号词：论述顺序

抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序，也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括：

first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally

5.托福阅读逻辑信号词：提示结论

In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.

as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move, heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat is moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in the form of latent heat. The term latent heat refers to the energy that has to be used to convert liquid water to water vapor. We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove, it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature. We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime they will dry faster than in winter, when temperatures are colder. The energy used in both cases to change liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat — supplied by the stove in the first case and by the Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. It is stored in water vapor in the atmosphere as latent heat. Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere.

In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun's incoming energy is used to evaporate water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion of the Sun's energy. By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 30 percent of the Sun's energy. Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds. Or it can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere.

1. The passage mainly discusses how heat

(A) is transformed and transported in the Earth's atmosphere

(B) is transported by ocean currents

(D) moves about the Earth's eq

2. The passage mentions that the tropics differ from the Earth's polar regions in which of the

following ways?

(A) The height of cloud formation in the atmosphere.

(B) The amount of heat they receive from the Sun.

(D) The strength of their oceanic currents.

3. The word convert in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) mix

(B) change

(D) reduce

4. Why does the author mention the stove in line 10?

(A) To describe the heat of the Sun.

(B) To illustrate how water vapor is stored.

(D) To give an example of a heat source.

5. According to the passage , most ocean water evaporation occurs especially

(A) around the higher latitudes

(B) in the tropics

(D) because of strong ocean currents

6. According to the passage , 30 percent of the Sun's incoming energy

(A) is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes

(B) is transported by ocean currents

(D) gets stored as latent heat

7. The word it in line 18 refers to

(A) square meter

(B) the Sun's energy

(D) the atmosphere

8. The word primarily in the line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) chiefly

(B) originally

(D) clearly

9. The word prevailing in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) essential

(B) dominant

(D) closest

10. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT

(A) low latitudes(line 1)

(B) latent heat (line 5)

(D) atmosphere (line 14)

PASSAGE 87 ABBDB DCABD

uator

篇3：托福阅读逻辑信号词总结

托福阅读当中，逻辑信号词好比旅途中的路标与灯塔，让你不致迷路，可以朝着发现解题题眼的正确方向迈进，所以，熟练掌握各类托福阅读信号词是托福高分的基本条件之一。

托福阅读逻辑信号词总结

1.显示相同信息的信号词

There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.

“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括：

and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example

2.显示思路转折的信号词

I'd like to go but I'm too busy.

although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet

3.显示因果关系的信号词

As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.

All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.

所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有：

for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently

4.显示顺序的信号词

抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序，也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括：

first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally

5.表示结论/总结的信号词

In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.

as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word

全面详细归纳托福阅读中的信号词

1.主题

主题类信号词一般出现在讲座开头，例如

●let's...

●Today, I will be talking about ...

●Today，we’ll focus on/ discuss...

但有些讲座的教授在点明主题之前会提及其它信息，例如：

●Last time, we talked about ... today, we will be discussing ...

●We’ve been talking about ... Today, let’s discuss ...

●Continuing ... Today, we will ...

此时，today后面的内容才是关键，不能被today前面的内容误导了。

2.定义

下定义也是讲座中常见的内容，被定义的概念是讲座的关键内容，需要做笔记。

此类信号词有：

●what I mean is

●All that means is

●which is / that is

●in other words，...

●... is referred to as...

●... is named/known/called

3.举例

比起例子中的种.种细节，教授借例子说明的道理更为关键。

听到for instance，such as，namely，as an example，take example for，say，consider，take之类的字眼后，考生需要回忆起举例之前讲解的内容。

TIP：有些教授讲完例子后会进行总结，如果考生记不起例子之前的内容，此时记下总结性话语也能保证答题哟。

4.对比

讲座中，教授常常对比两个容易混淆的概念。我们需分别记录两者异同。此处一定会出现出题点。

常见的对比类信号词有：

●We should not confuse A and B

●A is different from B

●First, let’s make a clear distinction between A and B

●compare to

●contrast

●Unlike

●similar to

●in contrast to

●...differently

●...differ

●alike

●resemble

●on the other hand，

●instead，

●likewise，

●in the same way等。

5.分类

阐述关键概念时，教授常讲解此概念的相关分类。

例如，阐述海豚发声方式时，会具体阐述是哪几种发声方式，即whistles，cliques和burst pulses。

通常教授会点明分类的数量，但也可能不给出具体数据，而是笼统地说有“很多种”。

例如，there are many types of ...，we gather data in a variety of ways ...。

6.因果

学术讲座中，因果是常见的逻辑关系之一。细节题多出现于此处。

表示原因的信号词有：because，because of，due to，since，as，for，the reason is，that’s why，by reason of，owing to。

表示结果的信号词有：so, so that, therefore, thereby, hereby, thus, as a result, consequently, hence, accordingly。

7.转折

转折是对前文的否定，转折后面出现的信息往往需要强调，此处多为出题点。

常见的表示转折的信号词有：but，however，nevertheless，while, yet, unless, except for, actually，in fact, to tell you the truth，practically，virtually，as a matter of fact。

8.结论

讲座的最后也可能是出题点，而且该点比较容易得分。结论是最新获得的信息，遗忘率最低。咱们千万不能放弃这类题。

常见的结论性信号词有：conclusion，summarize，make a summary，in brief，in short，in a word，in a conclusion，finally，all in all，to sum up。

托福阅读题型讲义分类资料

托福阅读分类题型讲义内容节选：

By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and Line weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during

(5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber—or lint—from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were

(10) concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a handpowered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from

(15) seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.

The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American

(20) export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic.

The(25) growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.

3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCEPT

(A) cotton's softness

(B) cotton's ease of processing

(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.

答案：C

托福阅读分数对照表

托福阅读评分标准是这样的：托福阅读三篇文章，每篇12-14道题，如果有加试的话，从所有考题中选3篇阅读题目计分。回答正确的总题目数量加起来就是你的总分。除托福阅读观点题和归类题以外，每道题分值1分。重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。托福阅读分数范围为0-30分。在托福官方指南中，关于托福阅读评分标准的描述是这样的：The Reading Section score is based on your performance on multiple-choice items. Except for the last question of each set， you received one point for each of the questions you answered correctly. The total points that you received were than converted to a score on a scale from 0-30. The reported score for the Reading Section will always be on this scale of 0-30.

The last question in each set is worth 2 points. These questions were scored as follows：

If you had： You received

1 correct answers 0 points

2 correct answers 1 point

3 correct answers 2 points

小编提醒考生注意：托福阅读应该计算实际拿到多少原始分“Raw Point Total(0-45)”，再参照评分表，计算最后的分数(0-30)。不同版本的试卷因难度不同有不同的转换标准，所以托福阅读是没有固定的评分表的。

篇4：托福阅读利用因果逻辑词解题

托福阅读如何利用因果逻辑词快速定位解题?

审题

首先通过审题，利用因果逻辑词能确定是因果类事实信息题，比如下面的题干：

1. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?

2. According to paragraph 2, sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because

3. According to the passage, which of the following is one of the reasons that tunas are in constant motion?

4. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is a factor responsible for the greater air turbulence in urban environments?

通过why, because, reasons, response for这些词(短语)，可以确定原文中会有相应的因果逻辑句(群)的表述。接下来我们只需要从原文中找出因句果逻辑表述的句(群)，通过分析逻辑承接对象，匹配选项找出正确答案。

实战练习

例1.(tpo23p1q5)Paragraph 3

The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.

5. According to paragraph 3, why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?

○ The countryside in the Sun is the only important source of heat.

○ Construction materials in the city are not as good at keeping buildings warm as they are in the countryside.

○ In the countryside the solar heat that flows into the ground flows out again quickly.

○ Countryside vegetation prevents heat from being trapped in the ground.

· 分析

通过原文找出因果逻辑词我们发现有两处：

第一处“Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities.”

第二处“But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground.”

细节题陷阱中有一种叫做偷换概念，需要考生们仔细审题，题干问的是“why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?

第一处表达的是“the higher overall temperature in cities”的原因，显然不是我们要找的答案;

第二处说的是“in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity”，很明显答案在第二处，匹配选项答案是 D.

实战练习

例2.(OG: Lascaux Cave Painting)Paragraph 6

Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.

11. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?

○ Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance.

○ The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and skill.

○ Too many years have gone by since the images were painted.

○ Answering the questions is not very important to scholars.

· 分析

这道细节题本身不难，但是出错率很高，很多学生选择A，为什么?因为C选项和原文“but their mystique only adds to their importance.”表达的意思一样。

细节题选的是符合题干的选项，也即是问什么答什么。比如我问张三有多高?张三说我很帅，张三确实帅但是不是我要的答案。细节题中很具有迷惑性的选项叫“答非所问”，同学们一定要细心，回到本题，题干问“why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?”，题干给的是结果，让我们找原因，扫读原文发现“Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images，其中“that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images”表达的意思等于题干“the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered”，很明显“so much time has passed”就是我们找的答案，确定正确答案选C。

实战练习

例3.(tpo7p1q7) Paragraph 4:

The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.

7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean's waters?

○ the movements of earth's crust

○ the accumulation of sediment layers

○ changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean

○ changes in earth's temperature

· 分析

通过题干中 “responsible for”确定考察的是因果逻辑，定位到本段第三句话，但句子前后并没有找到明显的因果逻辑词，然后继续通读往下读，发现怎么读都觉得没有正确答案同时又浪费了很多时间。

在这里，给大家补充一个不常见的因果逻辑的另类表达，即and引导的两个句子也隐含因果逻辑关系。比如”He is too old and he can’t walk,”,仔细体会其中的意思“他太老了and不能行走”，蕴含的就是因果逻辑关系。

回到本题“Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. ”(因为地壳运动封闭了海峡，被陆地包围的地中海也开始蒸发。)如果大家能识别到这层关系，很明显A就是正确选项。

常见因果逻辑词

下面来总结一下托福阅读中常见的因果逻辑词，希望同学们能够熟记巧用。

显性：because(of), since, for, as, due to, owing to, In that, so(that), therefore, thus, hence, as a result, consequently...

隐性：cause, lead to, make，render, stimulate, spur, spark, push, motivate, prompt, be responsible for..

托福阅读因果逻辑题如何作答，掌握显性因果逻辑词

一、因果逻辑之句子简化题

一提到因果逻辑，可能大部分考生顿时想到的是句子简化题。因为有相当比例的句子简化题中是有逻辑关系的句子，的确可以先从原句逻辑关系出发，先排除明显逻辑错误的选项，剩下的再进行核对筛选。但我们在运用任何逻辑关系解题的时候可千万别忘了句子主干哦。下面我们看几个例题：

例题 1

The frequency with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia, which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface.

(A)The oldest rock art sites have simpler motifs than the best known sites of Panaramitee North.

(B)Because motifs primarily associated with the Panaramitee region are common in the oldest sites the term Panaramitee style has become the general term for rock art of this type.

(C)Because the Panaramitee style is so common in the older sites, researchers have described it most extensively.

(D)The motifs carved in the rocky surface of the Panaramitee region make up the oldest form of rock art discovered in Australia.

天啊，这个句子那么长!但提取主干后，句子将变得非常简单：

The frequency had lead rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panramitee style.

我们发现这个句子的谓语动词是 lead to，是个隐性的因果逻辑词。也就是说，本句话最想表达的意思是，某个东西的频繁出现，是研究者们采用 P style 这个术语的原因。

这时我们来看四个选项，A 选项强调的是对比关系，一看就可以排除的炮灰选项。

D 选项的主干是 The motifs make up the oldest form. 跟原句的主干完全不符合，又可排除。

大部分同学都是纠结 B 和 C，而且还不少同学认为这两个选项读完根本就是一个意思, excuse me?!那么接下来我们就得分析下选项中的原因和结果与原句的原因和结构能否对应的上，会不会因果倒置。B 和 C 选项一个最大的区别，就在于 B 选项中 P style 是句子的结果，而 C 选项中 P style 出现在了原因部分。原句的 P style 是句子的结果，所以，正确答案就很明了了，选 B!

咱们再来看另一个例题：

例题 2

However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today.

(A)The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.

(B)Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.

(C)After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.

(D)The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs.

句首的 However 虽然是个转折逻辑词，但对于这道题而言是没有用的，因为这明显是跟上一句话进行转折，而句子简化题考查的是句内逻辑，而不是句间逻辑。这句话是由 and 连接起来的两个句子，所以不少同学觉得这两句话就是并列关系。

这两个句子的主干信息为 no group or species can maintain its dominance 和 mammals began to flourish. 那么最完美的正确选项应该是肯定要包含这两个主干信息的。

大部分同学是在 A 和 B 之间纠结，觉得 A 呢没毛病，B 也挺对的，但是多了个 because 不太敢选。A 相对于 B 而言，是属于信息残缺的选项，B 选项的信息和原句的信息匹配度更高。

但是 because 如何解释呢?举个简单的例子：

It’s raining outside and I decide to order take-out food.

我们可否理解成因为外面下雨了，所以我决定订外卖?这也是说得通的。所以在个别情况下，两个并列的句子也可以有隐含的因果逻辑关系，看句意而定。这题便是，两个句子的核心内容可理解成，因为没有任何物种可以一直维持统治地位，所以，后来哺乳动物 flourish 了。再通过阅读细节可发现 mammals began to flourish 正是恐龙灭绝之后。所以这时我们再对比一下 A 和 B，B 选项和原句的还原度是比 A 好的。

二、因果逻辑之细节题

因果逻辑其实无处不在，另一个经常考察此逻辑关系的题型是细节题。现在我们来看几个稍微有点没那么明显的因果逻辑的考题。

例题 3

Which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean's waters?

(A)the movements of earth's crust

(B)the accumulation of sediment layers

(C)changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean

(D)changes in earth's temperature

本题题干中看到 responsible for，马上反应到考查的是因果逻辑。不少同学可以快速定位到本段第三句话，但句子中并没有找到明显的因果逻辑词于是不敢判断答案，于是继续往下读，怎么读都觉得没有正确答案同时又浪费了很多时间。

其实这题考的因果逻辑这个考点跟我们上一个句子简化题的例题是很相似的。两个句子并列用 and 连接，但是也有隐含的因果逻辑关系。因为地壳运动封闭了海峡，被陆地包围的地中海也开始蒸发。如果能识别到这层关系，则应该可以秒选 A 了。

例题 4

Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space.

Why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement ?

(A)The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.

(B)The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.

(C)The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.

(D)One of the church’s daily rituals occurred during the night.

这是个细节题，通过题干可定位到本段第二句话。题目问的是 why，但在原文中不能直接找到 because 或 contribute to 等其他因果逻辑词。但我们在定位准确的前提下，仔细在读读第二句话，发现这个句子有现在分词做状语的成分，而 v-ing 是可以做结果状语的。那么 requiring an alarm arrangement 的前面信息的同义改写便是这道题的正确答案。此题正确答案为 D。

本文仅简单列举了因果逻辑关系在阅读中的几种考法，它还可以出现在推断题，句子插入题中，由于篇幅有限就不一一列举例题了。识别因果逻辑的不同表现形式是可以帮助提高我们的答题效率的一个突破点。回到本文提出的第一个问题，笔者罗列了一些给大家参考一下：

1、显性因果逻辑词：

since, because, because of, thus, hence, as a result, result from, responsible for, due to, so that, consequently, account for, explain, factor, outcome……

2、隐性因果逻辑词：

lead to, stimulate, enable, motivate, encourage, contribute to, trigger, give rise to, induce, affect, damage, impact, depend on, rely on......

学会掌握托福阅读中的逻辑词

关系词从逻辑功能的实现来分类的话，一般可以分为转折(but)、让步(although)、对比(unlike)、并列(and)、递进 (moreover)、举例(for example)、因果(because)、类比(like)和总结(in general)这九类。而从所连接信息的方向来分的话，其实只有两类，第一类是改变方向，包括转折、让步和对比;其余剩下的都是第二类，维持方向。比如，如果听到某人说：“I’d love to go with you，but…”这时我们心里一定都会感觉到这人十有八九去不了了。

而如果他说的是：“I’d love to go with you，and…”那么后面的话至少不会表达出不去的意愿。也就是说，维持方向的关系词连接的前后信息必须是同向的，而改变方向的关系词所连接的信息则应该是反向的。当我们在做题的时候，可能有些句子结构或单词不理解，如果句子中有关系词，那么至少可以帮助我们判断出句意的方向，而有些题目只需要判断出方向其实就能得出答案。下面举两个判断题的例子进行说明。

原文：IPhone is gaining popularity， despite its cost。

题目：IPhone is costly。

题目要我们判断iPhone 是否昂贵，但原文并没有直接给出其价格的高低。可是我们注意到原文句子中含有一个关系词despite，它是属于改变方向的词，也就是说despite前后连接的这两个句子方向得相反。前面说iPhone越来越受欢迎，应该算是件好事，那么后面说到它的价格，显然是不能令人满意的，也就是比较贵，这样才符合句意的逻辑。因此我们马上就可以判断出该题的答案是TRUE。

原文：Baekeland’s invention (Bakelite)， although treated with distain in its early years，went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of thetwentieth century。

题目：Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile material。

这是Test2的12题，题目要我们判断Bakelite是不是马上受到欢迎，原文提到它treated with distain inits early years，但麻烦的是可能会有相当部分的同学不认识distain 这个词，这样似乎就没办法判断出Bakelite在早年被如何对待。但是千万要注意这个句子有一个关系词although，它表示让步，属于改变方向，那么由它连接的两个句子句意得是相反的，这样我们可以试图从已知推未知。后面这句话我们从enjoy，popularity可以得出一个信息，就是 Bakelite在20世纪的前半期一直是受欢迎的，方向是好的，那么前半句treated with distain in its early years必须就要表达出不好的信息，也就是在前几年受到不好的对待，这样才能符合句子逻辑。因此，我们马上就可以做出判断，既然在前几年受到不好的对待，那么Bakelite就不可能马上受到欢迎了，因此该题的答案是FALSE。这样，我们在考试时根本就不用具体去理解distain(指名誉受损)的真正含义，只用判断方向照样能够做对题目。

除了判断题之外，关系词对Summary题也十分有用。Summary是文章或部分段落的缩写，有时候某些词同义替换的形式变化比较大，如果只用关键词去查找，很多时候并不容易定位。但是不管词怎么变，逻辑关系一般不变。如果题目中表达出因果关系或转折关系，那么所找到的原文一般也会表达出同样的逻辑关系。这样，我们就可以利用上关系词来帮助一起定位。

比如Test2的30~31题：In Britain， moreover， scientists worried that English had neither the30________ nor the 31________ to express their ideas。这两道题用词去查找并不好定位。但我们也要注意到这两个空有一个关系词词组“neither…nor…”，它们表示并列，并且是否定的并列。通过这点在原文中很容易就注意到有一个信息是：“First， it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second， itlacked the grammatical resources…”其中，“First…， Second…”表达出了两样事物的并列，而lack(缺乏)这个单词则表达出了否定。这样就比较容易能够定位到这两句话并且得出答案是 technicalvocabulary和grammatical resources。

篇5：托福阅读找准出题考点要看信号词

托福阅读找准出题考点要看信号词 5大类信号词详细介绍

1.显示相同信息的信号词

There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.

“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括：and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example

2.显示思路转折的信号词

I'd like to go but I'm too busy.

although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nev.heless, yet

3.显示因果关系的信号词

As a result of the pilots' strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.

All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots’ strike.

所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有：for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently

4.表示结论/总结的信号词

In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.

as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word

在阅读的时候，我们不应该把每个句子都孤立开来，而是要把所有的句子连成一个整体，通过准确把握句子与句子之间的逻辑关系以及信号词的提示，来挖掘托福阅读段的主题。

5.显示顺序的信号词

抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序，也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括：

first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally

托福词汇对阅读到底有多重要?备考提升词汇3个常见问题解答

问题1：背哪儿的单词?

最基本的逻辑，你希望背完的单词在哪儿遇见，背单词为何准备。当然为了考试准备，希望考试能遇到自己背过的单词。那么，就背考过文章中的单词，也就是托福TPO中的词。

问题2：要背多少单词?

无论你现在的词汇基础如何，都无法保证已掌握的词汇是某一门特定考试要考察的语言能力级别或题材范围里的单词。由于不同的考试涉及的文章题材不同，这些题材就决定了你的专有名词的背记。而符合该考试语言能力级别的词即高频词。实际上，官方指南OG三套题共九篇阅读文章中的生词扫清后，学生基本解决了高频词，后续做题不会大量的遇到生词。再积累个别题材的专有名词即可，而此类单词通常也不是解题关键。

问题3：怎样背单词?

最痛心疾首的背单词习惯是背生词列表。从真题文章中找出了生词，单独列出后苦背。单词一旦脱离了语言环境，想记住很难。即使勉强记住，放回文章中也无法准确去理解整个句子的意思。这是为什么呢?我们知道一词多义现象，一个词有一个基本含义，以此引申出其他含义。当单词离开了句子，你选择哪个含义去背记呢?大部分同学把单词列出后并不回看原文，而是随便选择一个含义去记忆，背完也不带回原句去理解是否通顺。这种方法典型的后果是，句子中的单词都能说出一个含义，但是句子整体的意思无法准确理解。由于平时缺少在上下文对单词含义进行引申的能力，考试时不敢往别处想意思，死咬住一个含义，怎么也顺不下去。说到底，是背单词列表的方法导致缺乏上下文理解能力的训练。

单词的有效背记方法是，翻译生词所在句子，通过上下文预测单词含义，选择词典中最符合的意思，并在文章中标出。带着标出的含义再次翻译句子，看是否通顺。刚背过的单词需要短时间内重复记忆，至少两天之内的早晚两个时段进行复习。此方法可并行解决词汇和语法。

托福阅读难点易错题型解题思路实例解析：否定信息题

托福阅读否定信息题解题思路实例分析

Paragraph 7: The Cognitive approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

Paragraph 8: One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.

9. According to the cognitive approach described in paragraphs 7 and 8, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person's

A. Moral values

B. Previous experiences with aggression

C. Instinct to avoid aggression

D. Beliefs about other people's intentions

解题思路分析

这道题目的定位范围是两个自然段，四个选项中有三个会influence the decision whether to act aggressively，有一个选项不会“影响一个人决定是否要表现的具有侵略性”，我们要选择这个选项。首先，在第七自然段的第二句“Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice.”中就提到moral values，对应A 选项。其次，在第八自然段中，第四句“People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives.”中提到两个选项，一个是“their experiences with aggression”对应B选项，另外一个是“interpretation of other people's motives”对应D选项。只有C选项的instinct没有提到，这道题目选择C选项。

短时间恶补托福阅读的技巧

基础一般：如果基础一般的同学，想要参加托福考试，最好提前3-4个月准备起来。一本好的词汇书是必不可少的。其实背哪一本词汇书不是重点所在，重要的是能够持之以恒，每天对所背的词汇进行复习和总结。因为你在做词汇题时如果能遇到你熟悉的词，可以节省你会到文章中去看上下文猜词的时间。

虽然不能保证背到就一定能考到，但是单词可以帮助你更好的理解文章。曾经有一名语言专家这样说过：“Without grammar, little can be conveyed and without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.”足以说明词汇的重要性。

不懂语法：然后要从理解文章的结构开始理解文章。我们要明白，新托福阅读考试的文章都是北美校园基础课程的文章，基本没有做过改动。所以文章的结构就是完全按照美式作文的五段法，我们的考生只要用这样的方式去分析每一篇文章，就会发现他们的结构是大同小异的。

词汇和语言环境欠缺：积累背景知识对我们来说相当的重要，因此我们在做新托福阅读的题目的同时，也应该在空余的时候多阅读课外读物，原版杂志。譬如，国家地理，自然，今日美国等一些著名的原版杂志，这不仅可以扩充我们的背景知识，同时也可以补充我们在词汇量上的不足。

托福阅读文章考察哪些内容?

1、托福阅读文章细节考查题

解答文章细节考查题，我们一般都可以回到原文中去做定位，找到相近或相似的内容，进而得出答案。

常见的定位有以下3种：

(1)题目本身给出定位。

(2)至少先可作出一个段落的定位。

(3)位置多夹于前后两题位置之间。