雅思阅读摘要题5大解题步骤讲解教案
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篇1：雅思阅读摘要题5大解题步骤讲解教案
雅思阅读摘要题5大解题步骤讲解教案
Summary填空题是雅思阅读题中常见题型，在阅读考试中占较大的比重。 同时也是众多雅思考生最头痛的一种题型。 因为此题型不仅考查考生快速准确理解阅读文章的主旨能力，也考查考生对定位、同义转化以及语义间逻辑关系的灵敏度。
一、题型特点
字数限制： 一般回答最多不超过3个词。
题型特点： 考核范围分为部分考察与全文考察。
文章摘要题有可能是对文章局部内容的考察，比如某一段或某几段；
也有可能是对整篇文章的考察。
顺序原则： 题目顺序与题目答案在原文中出现的顺序一致。
答案特点： 答案多为名词性原词重现。
名词性是指名词性质的词，包括名词与动名词；
原词重现是指答案均为原文的文字，不需要更改词形或词性等。
二、解题步骤
1、明确字数限制
表格填空题解题过程中，考生必须培养第一步看字数限制的.习惯。
2、空格词性预判
根据空格前后的词性进行判断。
如adj+(n)，n+(n)，v+(n)等结构。
也可根据句子成分进行判断。
如空格为主语成分，基本为名词，表语成分基本为形容词。
3、定位关键词
分析定位句，找到空格所在句子的关键词，并定位到文中相应位置对定位句进行分析。
注意空格所在句子中关键词与原文中的关键词替换；
空格所在句子的关键词是对原文定位句的同义概括。
4、理解原文与题干的同义替换
词语的替换：即词与词之间的替换；
短语的替换：即短语之间的替换；
句子的替换：即句子之间的互换；
展开陈述形式：即以解释的方式来诠释某个词、短语或概念。
5、填出答案
结合关键句和行列信息得出应该填写的内容。
篇2：雅思阅读摘要题题型5大解题步骤讲解
雅思阅读摘要题题型5大解题步骤讲解
题型特点
字数限制? 一般回答最多不超过3个词。
题型特点? 考查范围分部分考查与全文考查。文章摘要题有可能是对文章局部内容的考查，比如某一段或某几段，也有可能是对整篇文章的考查。
顺序原则? 题目顺序与题目答案在原文中出现的顺序一致。
答案特点? 答案多为名词性原词重现。所谓名词性是指名词性质的词，包括名词与动名词;而原词重现是说答案均为原文的文字，不需要对词形或词性等做变更或更改。
解题步骤
①明确字数限制
?表格填空题解题过程中，考生必须培养第一步看字数限制的习惯。
②空格词性预判
? 根据空格前后的词性进行判断，
? 如adj+(n)，n+(n)，v+(n)等结构;
? 也可根据句子成分进行判断，
? 如空格为主语成分，基本为名词，表语成分基本为形容词
? 定位关键词
并分析定位句?找到空格所在句子的关键词，并定位到文中相应位置对定位句进行分析。
?注意空格所在句子中关键词与原文中的关键词替换;或空格所在句子的关键词是对原文定位句的同义概括。
? 理解原文与题干的同意替换
? 词语的替换，即词与词之间的替换
? 短语的替换，即短语之间的替换
? 句子的替换，即句子之间的互换
? 展开陈述形式，即以解释的方式来诠释某个词、短语或概念
? 填出答案
? 结合关键句和行列信息得出应该填写的内容。
雅思阅读机经真题解析-The Success of Cellulose
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below.
A
Not too long ago many investors made the bet that renewable fuels from bio- mass would be the next big thing in energy. Converting corn, sugarcane and soybeans into ethanol or diesel-type fuels lessens our nation's dependence on oil imports while cutting carbon dioxide emissions. But already the nascent industry faces challenges. Escalating demand is hiking food prices while farmers clear rain-forest habitats to grow fuel crops. And several recent studies say that certain biofuel-production processes either fail to yield net energy gains or release more carbon dioxide than they use.
B
A successor tier of start-up ventures aims to avoid those problems. Rather than focusing on the starches, sugars and fats of food crops, many of the prototype bioethanol processes work with lignocellulose, the “woody” tissue that strengthens the cell walls of plants, says University of Massachusetts Amherst chemical engineer George W. Huber. Although the cellulose breaks down less easily than sugars and starches and thus requires a complex series of enzyme-driven chemical reactions, its use opens the industry to nonfood plant feed- stocks such as agricultural wastes, wood chips and switchgrass. But no company has yet demonstrated a cost-competitive industrial process for making cellulosic biofuels.
C
So scientists and engineers are working on dozens of possible biofuel-processing routes, reports Charles Wyman, a chemical engineer at the University of California, Riverside, who is a founder of Mascoma Corporation in Cambridge, Mass., a leading developer of cellulosic ethanol processing.“ There's no miracle process out there,” he remarks. And fine-tuning a process involves considerable money and time. “The oil companies say that it takes 10 years to fully commercialize an industrial processing route,” warns Huber, who has contributed some thermochemical techniques to another biomass start-up, Virent Energy Systems in Madison, Wis.
D
One promising biofuel procedure that avoids the complex enzymatic chemistry to break down cellulose is now being explored by Coskata in Warrenville, III, a firm launched in by high-profile investors and entrepreneurs (General Motors recently took a minority stake in it as well). In the Coskata operation, a conventional gasification system will use heat to turn various feedstocks into a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen called syngas, says Richard Tobey, vice president of Engineering and R&D The ability to handle multiple plant feedstocks would boost the flexibility of the overall process because each region in the country has access to certain feedstocks but not others.
E
Instead of using thermochemical methods to convert the syngas to fuel—a process that can be significantly more costly because of the added expense of pressurizing gases, according to Tobey—the Coskata group chose a biochemical route. The group focused on five promising strains of ethanol-excreting bacteria that Ralph Tanner, a microbiologist at the University of Oklahoma, had discovered years before in the oxygen-free sediments of a swamp. These anaerobic bugs make ethanol by voraciously consuming syngas.
F
The “heart and soul of the Coskata process,” as Tobey puts it, is the bioreactor in which the bacteria live. “Rather than searching for food in the fermentation mash in a large tank, our bacteria wait for the gas to be delivered to them,” he explains. The firm relics on plastic tubes, the filter-fabric straws as thin as human hair. The syngas flows through the straws, and water is pumped across their exteriors. The gases diffuse across the selective membrane to the bacteria embedded in the outer surface of the tubes, which permits no water inside. “We get efficient mass transfer with the tubes, which is not easy,” Tobey says. “Our data suggest that in an optimal setting we could get 90 percent of the energy value of the gases into our fuel.” After the bugs eat the gases, they release ethanol into the surrounding water. Standard distillation or filtration techniques could extract the alcohol from the water.
G
Coskata researchers estimate that their commercialized process could deliver ethanol at under $1 per gallon-less than half of today's $2-per-gaIlon wholesale price, Tobey claims. Outside evaluators a Argonne National Laboratory measured the input-output “energy balance” of the Coskata process and found that, optimally, it can produce 7.7 times as much energy in the end product as it takes to make it.
H
The company plans to construct a 40,000-gallon-a-year pilot plant near the GM test track in Milford, Mich., by the end of this year and hopes to build a full- scale, 100-million-gallon-a-year plant by . Coskata may have some company by then; Bioengineering Resources in Fayetteville, Ark., is already developing what seems to be a similar three-step pathway in which syngas is consumed by bacteria isolated by James Gaddy, a retired chemical engineer at the University of Arkansas. Considering the advances in these and other methods, plant cellulose could provide the greener ethanol everyone wants.
Questions 1-6
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-D) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once
A. George W. Huber
B. James Gaddy
C. Richard Tobey
D. Charles Wyman
1. A key component to gain the success lies in the place where the organisms survive.
2. Engaged in separating fixed procedures to produce ethanol in a homologous biochemical way.
3. Assists to develop certain skills.
4. It needs arduous efforts to achieve highly efficient transfer.
5. There is no shortcut to expedite the production process.
6. A combination of chemistry and biology can considerably lower the cost needed for the production company.
Questions 7-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
7. A shift from conventionally targeted areas of the vegetation to get ethanol takes place.
8. It takes a considerably long way before a completely mature process is reached.
9. The Coskata group sees no bright future for the cost advantage available in the production of greener ethanol.
10. Some enterprises are trying to buy the shares of Coskata group.
Questions 11-13
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
Tobey has noticed that the Coskata process can achieve a huge success because it utilises 11 as the bioreactor on whose exterior surface the bactcria take the syngas going through the coated 12 to produce the ethanol into the water outside which researchers will later 13 by certain techniques. The figures show a pretty high percentage of energy can be transferred into the fuel which is actually very difficult to be achieved.
文章题目：纤维素的成功
篇章结构
体裁
论说文
题目
纤维素的成功
结构
A段：可再生生物燃料面临挑战
B段：制作原型乙醇可以依靠纤维素
C段：生物燃料加工过程的微调需要花费大量时间和金钱
D段：Coskata公司将利用气化系统用热量把原料转化为singas
E段：由于热化学方法成本高，C
oskata公司选择生化途径
F段：利用singas生产乙醇的过程
G段：Coskata公司的商业化使得乙醇提取成本降低，产出能量提高
H段：植物纤维素制造乙醇前景广阔
试题分析
Question 1-。。。
题目类型：LIST OF HEADINGS
题号
定位词
文中对应点
题目解析
1
bacteria
F段第一句
F段第一句说”the heart and soul of the Coskata process” as Tobey puts it, is the bioreactor in which the bacteria live,意思是Coskata process（指的是利用singas生产乙醇）的核心在于细菌得以生存的生物反应器，选项中说获取成功的主要因素存在于organism所生存的地方，这个地方指的就是bioreactor.
因此，本答案为C
2
Similar
H段第三句
H段第二句提到了James Gaddy已经开始开发类似的通过三步细菌就会消耗singas生产乙醇的过程，原句is already developing what seems to be a similar three-step pathway ......中的similar就是和题目中的homologous是同义替换。
因此，本答案为B
3
techniques
F段倒数一二三句
F段说Tobey认为利用singas生产乙醇的过程依赖于一种吸管，通过这种导管使得大量气体得到有效传导，等细菌消化完singas就会释放乙醇，通过distillation 和filtration techniques可以提取乙醇。这些导管，以及蒸馏，过滤技术都是一些assists.
所以，本答案选C
4
Less easily
B段第三四句
B段中提到Humber认为乙醇的制作由粮食中的淀粉，糖类等转移到纤维素，但是纤维素的分解不太容易，需要复杂的化学反应，而且目前没有一家公司具备生产成本优势，所以要想实现更高效的转化，需要付出艰苦的努力。
因此，本答案为A
5
No miracle，considerable time
C段第二、三句
C段中Charles Wyman提出了”there is no miracle process out there”也就是说，没有奇迹般的生产过程，和there is no shortcut to expedite the production process表达的意思一致，no miracle意味着no shortcut。而且，后面一句and fine-tuning a process involves considerable time and money也指出了微调的过程需要大量时间和金钱，也说明了没有捷径加速生产过程
因此，本答案为D
6
Costly, biochemical
E段第一句
E段中刚开始Tobey就提出了用thermochemical的方法把singas转化为燃料是more costly的，之后又提到Coskata group chose a biochemical route，说明biochemical的方法会降低成本。此句话中的biochemical和选项里的a combination of chemistry and biology是同义转换的。
因此，本答案选C
参考答案：
Version 18106 主题 纤维素的成功
1
C
2
B
3
C
4
A
5
D
6
C
7
TRUE
8
TRUE
9
FALSE
10
NOT GIVEN
11
plastic tubes/ the filter-fabric straws
12
the selective membrane
13
extract
篇3：雅思阅读表格填空题型解题5大步骤讲解
雅思阅读表格填空题型解题5大步骤讲解
题型特点：
顺序原则 题目基本上按照文章顺序排列
字数限制 一般填入的词最多不超过3个单词
定位内容 定位的内容相对比较集中
考查内容 考查内容均为细节
答案特点 所填答案基本唯一
解题路线图：
①明确字数限制
?表格填空题解题过程中，考生必须培养第一步看字数限制的习惯。
②空格词性预判
? 根据空格前后的词性进行判断，
? 如adj+(n)，n+(n)，v+(n)等结构;
? 也可根据句子成分进行判断，
? 如空格为主语成分，基本为名词，表语成分基本为形容词
? 定位关键词
并分析定位句? 找到空格所在句子的关键词，并定位到文中相应位置对定位句进行分析。
? 注意空格所在句子中关键词与原文中的关键词替换;或空格所在句子的关键词是对原 文定位句的同义概括。
? 理解原文与题干的同意替换
? 词语的替换，即词与词之间的替换
? 短语的替换，即短语之间的替换
? 句子的替换，即句子之间的互换
? 展开陈述形式，即以解释的方式来诠释某个词、短语或概念
? 填出答案
? 结合关键句和行列信息得出应该填写的内容。
雅思阅读机经真题解析-Life code:unlocked
A
On an airport shuttle bus to the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara, Calif, Chris Wiggins took a colleague's advice and opened a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. It had nothing to do with the talk on biopolymer physics he was invited to give. Rather the columns and rows of numbers that stared back at him referred to the genetic activity of budding yeast. Specifically, the numbers represented the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) expressed by all 6,200 genes of the yeast over the course of its reproductive cycle. “It was the first time I ever saw anything like this,“ Wiggins recalls of that spring day in . ”How to make sense of all these data?“
B
Instead of shirking from this question, the 36-year-old applied mathematician and physicist at Columbia University embraced it-and now six years later he thinks he has an answer. By foraying into fields outside his own, Wiggins has drudged up tools from a branch of artificial intelligence called machine learning to model the collective protein-making activity of genes from real-world biological data. Engineers originally designed these tools in the late 1950s to predict output from input. Wiggins and his colleagues have now brought machine learning to the natural sciences and tweaked it so that it can also tell a story—one not only about input and output but also about what happens inside a model of gene regulation, the black box in between.
C
The impetus for this work began in the late 1990s, when high-throughput techniques generated more mRNA expression profiles and DNA sequences than ever before, ”opening up a completely different way of thinking about biological phenomena,“ Wiggins says. Key among these techniques were DNA microarrays, chips that provide a panoramic view of the activity of genes and their expression levels in any cell type, simultaneously and under myriad conditions. As noisy and incomplete as the data were, biologists could now query which genes turn on or off in different cells and determine the collection of proteins that give rise to a cell's characteristic features- healthy or diseased.
D
Yet predicting such gene activity requires uncovering the fundamental rules that govern it. “Over time, these rules have been locked in by cells,” says theoretical physicist Harmen Bussemaker, now an associate professor of biology at Columbia. ”Evolution has kept the good stuff.“ To find these rules, scientists needed statistics to infer the interaction between genes and the proteins that regulate them and to then mathematically describe this network's underlying structure-the dynamic pattern of gene and protein activity over time. But physicists who did not work with particles (or planets, for that matter) viewed statistics as nothing short of an anathema. ”If your experiment requires statistics,“ British physicist Ernest Rutherford once said, ”you ought to have done a better experiment.“
E
But in working with microarrays, ”the experiment has been done without you,“ Wiggins explains. ”And biology doesn't hand you a model to make sense of the data.“ Even more challenging, the building blocks that make up DNA, RNA and proteins are assembled in myriad ways; moreover, subtly different rules of interaction govern their activity, making it difficult, if not impossible, to reduce their patterns of interaction to fundamental laws. Some genes and proteins are not even known. ”You are trying to find something compelling about the natural world in a context where you don't know very much,“ says William Bialek, a biophysicist at Princeton University. ”You're forced to be agnostic.“ Wiggins believes that many machine-learning algorithms perform well under precisely these conditions. When working with so many unknown variables, ”machine learning lets the data decide what's worth looking at," he says.
F
At the Kavli Institute, Wiggins began building a model of a gene regulatory network in yeast-the set of rules by which genes and regulators collectively orchestrate how vigorously DNA is transcribed into mRNA. As he worked with different algorithms, he started to attend discussions on gene regulation led by Christina Leslie, who ran the computational biology group at Columbia at the time. Leslie suggested using a specific machine-learning tool called a classifier. Say the algorithm must discriminate between pictures that have bicycles in them and pictures that do not. A classifier sifts through labeled examples and measures everything it can about them, gradually learning the decision rules that govern the grouping. From these rules, the algorithm generates a model that can determine whether or not new pictures have bikes in them. In gene regulatory networks, the learning task becomes the problem of predicting whether genes increase or decrease their protein-making activity.
G
The algorithm that Wiggins and Leslie began building in the fall of 2002 was trained on the DNA sequences and mRNA levels of regulators expressed during a range of conditions in yeast-when the yeast was cold, hot, starved, and so on. Specifically, this algorithm-MEDUSA (for motif element discrimination using sequence agglomeration)—scans every possible pairing between a set of DNA promoter sequences, called motifs, and regulators. Then, much like a child might match a list of words with their definitions by drawing a line between the two, MEDUSA finds the pairing that best improves the fit between the model and the data it tries to emulate. (Wiggins refers to these pairings as edges.) Each time MEDUSA finds a pairing, it updates the model by adding a new rule to guide its search for the next pairing. It then determines the strength of each pairing by how well the rule improves the existing model. The hierarchy of numbers enables Wiggins and his colleagues to determine which pairings are more important than others and how they can collectively influence the activity of each of the yeast's 6,200 genes. By adding one pairing at a time, MEDUSA can predict which genes ratchet up their RNA production or clamp that production down, as well as reveal the collective mechanisms that orchestrate an organism's transcriptional logic.
Questions 1-6
The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. The search for the better-fit matching between the model and the gained figures to foresee the activities of the genes
ii. The definition of MEDUSA
iii. A flashback of a commencement for a far-reaching breakthrough
iv. A drawing of the gene map
v. An algorithm used to construct a specific model to discern the appearance of something new by the joint effort of Wiggins and another scientist
vi. An introduction of a background tracing back to the availability of mature techniques for detailed research on genes
vii. A way out to face the challenge confronting the scientist on the deciding of researchable data
viii. A failure to find out some specific genes controlling the production of certain proteins
ix. The use of a means from another domain for reference
x. A tough hurdle on the way to find the law governing the activities of the genes
Example: Paragraph A iii
1 Paragraph B
2 Paragraph C
3 Paragraph D
4 Paragraph E
5 Paragraph F
6 Paragraph G
Questions 7-9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
7. Wiggins is the first man to use DNA microarrays for the research on genes.
8. There is almost no possibility for the effort to decrease the patterns of interaction between DNA, RNA and proteins.
9. Wiggins holds a very positive attitude on the future of genetic research.
Questions 10-13
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.
Wiggins states that the astoundingly rapid development of techniques concerning the components of genes aroused the researchers to look at 10 from a totally new way. 11 is the heart and soul of these techniques and no matter what the 12 were, at the same time they can offer a whole picture of the genes' activities as well as 13 in all types of cells. With these techniques scientists could locate the exact gene which was on or off to manipulate the production of the proteins.
文章题目：Life code: unlocked
篇章结构
体裁
说明文
题目
生命密码解密
结构
（一句话概括每段大意）
A. 回忆基因研究突破的初始
B. 参考“机器学习”的工具构建基因活动的模型
C. DNA芯片技术的介绍
D. 基因的活性研究中的数据障碍
E. 科学家很难从基因交互模式的研究中获取理想数据
F. Wiggins 和另外一个科学家的相关科学讨论
G. 研究基因模型和数据的配对，来预测基因的活动
试题分析
Question 1-6
题目类型：List of Headings
Question 7-9
题目类型：True, False or Not Given
Question 10-13
题目类型：Summary
题号
定位词
文中对应点
题目解析
1
Another domain，reference
文中的第二句
第二句话中，有提到一个“machine learning”的工具构建出了使用现实世界中的生物数据所反映出的基因整体合成蛋白质活动的模型。该句中中的 “data”对应定位词”reference”，该段中后半部分是关于这个工具所给出的一个结果。
2
Mature techniques，
Detailed research
第一、二句
第一句话中提到了“high-throughput techniques”,这个和“mature techniques”互为同义词转换， 且在该段开头有提到相关工作的开展是在90年代末期，而Wiggins在回忆这个工作情况实在之后了，所以这个时间和选项中的“tracing back to”相对应；而第二句话中有提到第一句中所提到的技术对于任何细胞在任何条件下的活动有了一个全方位的观察“panoramic view”，对应所选答案中“detailed research”
3
Tough hurdle,
The law, governing，activity of the genes
第一、四、五句
首先需要定位，在所选答案中出现了“law, governing”这样的关键词，而在D段的首句出现了“the fundamental rules that govern it”的信息，所以首先定位在此，然后看该段之后的内容来佐证定位的正确性。在第四句的开头可以看到“to find these rules”，这个these表指代，指代之前的内容，而在第五句开头有了一个关键的逻辑词”but”，表转折，且第五句中有一个很关键的词“anathema”表示诅咒，证明科学家认为这个科学数据是一个“tough hurdle”，和答案中的关键词所对应。
4
Challenge
第二句
E段开始第一个单词就是but,表转折，该段所描述的意思与前文的情节有所不同，且第二句话最开始就是“even more challenge”，从逻辑上表示递进，从意思上，直接点出有更大的挑战，和所选答案的关键词相匹配
5
Algorithm，Wiggins and another scientist
第二句
F段第二句话中，提到Wiggins研究不同的算法时“worked with different algorithms”，他开始参与Leslie的小组讨论，这个和所选答案所提到的内容一致
6
Pairing，Foresee
最后一句
最后一句，“by adding one pairing at a time，”pairing对应所选答案中的“better-fit matching”， 后半部分提到的predict对应foresee，且as well as前后连接的两部分内容与所选答案中“between…and”之间的内容相对应
7
The first man, DNA microarrays
第二、三段
第二段中第二句提到了”Wiggins has drudged up tools from a branch of artificial intelligence called machine leaning…”, 而在第三段中第二句提到“Key among these techniques were DNA microarrays”，无论是哪方面，文章中并没有给出Wiggins是否是第一个用DNA芯片技术来研究基因的人，所以是NOT GIVEN
8
Almost no possibility,
interaction
第五段
第五段【E段】，第三句话，“Even more challenging, the building blocks that make up DNA, RNA and preteins…; moreover, subtly different rules of interaction govern their activity, making it difficult, if not possible,…”这句话有明确指出: 构建DNA，RNA和蛋白质的基本材料是以各种方式进行组装的，而且支配他们活动互动规则之间的区别都很微小，所以减少他们根据基本定律的交互模式的想法即使不是不可能，但是也是很困难得以实现的。所以是TRUE
9
Positive attitude, future genetic research
全文
全文除了描述Wiggins的研究以外，关于对基因研究的态度在第一段有提到，但是仅仅只是对于某件事的回忆，并没有给出对未来基因研究有积极的态度，所以是NOT GIVEN
10
Astoundingly rapid development of techniques
第三段
C段第一句话，high-throughput techniques作为定位词，“opening up a completely different way of thinking about biological phenomena”对应填空中“concerning… aroused the researchers to look at…”，所以填biological phenomena
11
Heart and soul
第三段
C段第二句话第一个单词Key对应填空中出现的关键词heart and soul，所以填写DNA microarrays
12
At the same time
第三段
同样是C段第二句话的后半部分，“…in any cell type, simultaneously and under myriad condition”, simultaneously 同义替换填空中的定位词at the same time,所以定位，填myriad condition
13
Whole picture of…, all types of cell
第三段
依然是C段的第二句话“…that provide a panoramic view of the activity of genes and their expression levels in any cell type…”根据空格前后信息进行定位，whole picture 是 panoramic view的同义转换，all types of cell 对应any cell type, 所以填their expression levels
篇4：雅思阅读选词摘要题的出题特点、解题步骤讲解
雅思阅读选词摘要题的出题特点、解题步骤讲解
出题特点：
题型特点:
考查范围分部分考查与全文考查。框中摘要题有可能是对文章局部内容的考查，比如某一段或某几段，也有可能是对整篇文章的考查。
备选项特点:
备选项的个数大于空格个数;
如果题目中有说明，则有的备选项会重复被选用。
顺序原则：
大多数空格顺序与空格答案在原文中出现的顺序一致。
答案特点：
答案多为名词或名词词组。
解题步骤：
①审题
题目中给出了摘要题在文中对应的段落的，在对应段落内定位分析;题目中没有给出摘要题在文中对应的段落的，需要根据题目的标题或是摘要第一句话的主要内容大致划定题目在文章中的对应位置。
注意题目要求是在空格中填入框中单词或词组本身还是填入框中单词或词组对应的字母。
如果题目说明中出现“NB You may use any word more than once”。则说明该摘要题中有的选项会重复使用。
②空格词性预判
根据空格前后的词性进行判断, 如adj+(n)，n+(n)，v+(n)等结构;
也可根据句子成分进行判断，如空格为主语成分，基本为名词，表语成分基本为形容词
? 定位关键词并分析定位句
找到空格所在句子的关键词，并定位到文中相应位置对定位句进行分析。
注意空格所在句子中关键词与原文中的关键词替换;或空格所在句子的关键词是对原文定位句的同义概括。
? 写出答案
结合关键定位句和空格所在的句子内容得出答案。
雅思阅读选词摘要题讲解--The Little Ice Age
THE LITTLE ICE AGE
A
This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate - as opposed to weather - as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730,000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionized human life; and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high.
B
The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in-recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.
C
Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only 'proxy records' reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland the Peruvian Andes, and other locations. We are close to knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.
D
This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 t0 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.
E
It is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Colder, much wetter weather descended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By 1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.
F
Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers' axes between 1850 and -1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since the early 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.
Questions 18-22
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
Weather during the little Ice Age
Documentation of past weather conditions is limited: our main sources of knowledge of in the distant past are 18_____and 19_____.We can deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of 20____, rather than of consistent freezing. Within it there were some periods of very cold winters, others of 21 ______ and heavy rain, and yet others that saw 22 _____ with no rain at all.
A climatic shifts B ice cores C tree rings
D glaciers E interactions F weather observations
G heat waves H storms I written accounts
真题精讲：
长难句讲解：
1. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however, rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century，driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean.
参考译文：然而，小冰期远非一个深度冰冻期，它实际上是由大气与海洋之间复杂难解的相互作用引起的，持续期普遍短语25年的一系列不规则气候巨变的集合。
知识点：本题是summary题，far from表示“远不是”，相当于“not merely”，因此这句话要强调的部分在however后面，即Little Ice Age是一个气候变化迅速的时代。
2. We are close to a knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.
参考译文：我们很快就要掌握北半球大部6前的年度冬夏温度的变化了。
知识点：We are close to (主谓)knowledge宾语介词短语形式跟着定语 a knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.(部修饰说明前面整定语其going back 600 years置定语修饰northern hemisphere)
3. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops.
参考译文：这次革命带来了集中的商业耕种，以及为了种植动物饲料而在非农作物用地上进行的土地开垦。
知识点：该句主干为the revolution involved---and---之后的not previously used for crops用来修饰land。
篇5：雅思阅读段落信息匹配题解题步骤实操讲解
1.仔细阅读题目要求
2.题干定位关键词的确定 + 所在段落的预测(限时30秒);
3.阅读每段首末句，找出2-3个题干定位关键词的对应信息，确定正确答案;
4.完成其他细节题，找出2-3个题干定位关键词的对应信息，确定正确答案;
5.重点关注未出题段落
了解了以上方法之后，为了在实际考试中提高答题的正确率，除了阅读速度方面，我们还需要进行以下一些有针对性的能力训练。
1. 雅思阅读段落信息匹配题定位关键词的快速确定，搜索及转述识别，从而确定其所在段落的能力。特别要指出的是，对于第二种类型，应当遵循“捡芝麻丢西瓜”的原则，即舍弃题干所表达的概括性主体信息，和第一种类型一样利用特殊细节进行定位。
例如：剑5 / P73
Q27/ how AI might have a military impact
Q29/ the reason why AI has become a common topic of conversation again
Q30/ how AI could help deal with difficulties related to the amount of information available electronically
这三个题干所表达的主体信息是how和the reason why的概括性信息，在解题时应避重就轻，避免与how，why进行“纠缠”，仅以military, a common topic of conversation, electronic information这些细节作为定位关键词搜索原文，分别对应battlefield (Para.E), public debate (Para.A), e-mail/web pages (Para.F)。
2. 通过对比雅思阅读题干信息与段落首尾句关键词进行题干位置预测的能力。剑4-6共42道该类题中可以进行有效预测的有27道，比率高达64%。具体地说，从题干本身来看，和关于概念解释，身份介绍，概述/概观，首次(使用)等有关的题干信息一般出现在原文的前一两段;和影响，后果，结果，改进，建议，未来目标等有关的题干信息一般出现在原文的结尾处。
例如：
剑5/P73/Q31 where the expression AI was first used(首次使用 → 原文第二段)
剑6/P20/Q6 an overview of the funded support of athletes (概述 → 原文第一段)
剑5/P22/Q18 the general aim of sociobiological study(目标 → 原文尾段)
剑6/P24/Q14 a suggestion for improving trade in the future(建议/未来 → 原文尾段)
通过对比题干信息与段落首尾句关键词来进行位置预测的方法使用频率更高。
雅思阅读段落信息匹配题3大题型特点分析 拒做恐题族
在雅思阅读考试的迷雾笼罩下，很多ieltser对段落信息匹配题心生畏惧，见该题即怂。而要问参加雅思阅读考试时最怕遇见什么题型，多数考生会不假思索地回答：段落信息题。其实雅思阅读段落信息匹配也没有那么难了解了这个题目的内核和解题思路，就不再会被表象所迷惑。只要在平常的练习中多积累同义词替换、抽象名词具体化表现，这种题型就会迎刃而解。
段落信息匹配题恐惧症患者临床表现可以为两大类型：其一，英语基础不错的考生，在通晓要领之前，曾无法自控地盲目刷题，带着迷之自信追求正确率，最后被打击、被完虐、被迫无奈内心存在感全无，再也不敢越雷池半步。其二，自知能力较浅而考题水太深的考生，清楚地知晓自己需要的是被鼓励、被表扬、被关注，所以终日与填空题、判断题交手寻找成就感，逢遇见配对题就主动地屏蔽掉。
每每遇到这样的学生，在详细地望闻问切之后，我都会给他/她出具“诊断书”，并附上如下的“处方”：任何题型解题都有方法、有途径，段落信息匹配题也不例外。相较于应对配对题家族中较简单的人物观点匹配题、句首句尾匹配题来说，处理起段落信息匹配题更需要耐心、细心，得切实做到三思而后行。
篇6：雅思阅读段落信息匹配题解题步骤实操讲解
既然号称是雅思阅读题型中的“撕书题”，那么这种题型难在何处，我们也不能总当loser，输了也要输得明白，反败为胜时也要赢得光彩，靠第六感蒙对的总不能作数。
难点聚焦
1)乱序
要给细节信息找出处，那题干中的信息排列一定不会像传统题型那样“有序”，所以无法在定位到某一小题后，依照题目间顺序卡位。对于做题习惯了“读一题解一题”的同学，做这种题目时要耐心沉住气，将题干中各小题信息都读完，再做统筹。
2)耗时
多数段落信息匹配题的出处都在文章之后的第一个题型，从中也不难看出命题人的小心思。初见一篇文章，框架纹理都还没弄明白，就要开始搜索细节信息，多数同学都会感觉很盲目。对于水平好一些的同学，若泛读速度快，可能还会给后续题型留点时间;读得慢的同学，几乎一篇文章20分钟就全耗在这个题上了。
如此，倒不如先解后续题型，把能赚到的分数先保住，不至于血本无归。这样做还有一个好处是，解其余题型时留下的印象能帮助迅速定位，提高解题速度。比如，在解后续的summary题时，将B、C两段做了精读，继而在处理段落信息题时，就可以根据回忆，优先确定B、C段有没有相关信息，该选还是该排除，不必浪费很多时间在这两个自然段上。
3)NB
‘You may use any letter more than once’, 这样的题目指令，出题之刁钻，手段之狠毒，我们不得不给出题人点个赞，因为他们在难倒我们这条路上顺风顺水，屡战屡胜，无所不用其极。逐个段落扫读，找到一个信息的时候，还不能果敢地将这段话划叉排除，因为有可能这个自然段里还包含别的信息点。这样的设置常常让我们将段落从头至尾浏览，就好比面前满满当当的ABCDE五缸鱼，找到小红鱼在B缸里，还不能直接晋级C缸，说不定小蓝鱼还在B缸里，你还得仔细地继续排查。
当然，如果你浏览完2个自然段，发现里面都各自包含2个信息点，这样的情况也很少遇到，一般就只有一段话会被重复选到。毕竟看完2段话就能完成4个小题，出题人心里是不太开心的。
篇7：雅思阅读段落信息匹配题解题步骤实操讲解
初见段落信息配对题的同学会觉得纳闷，既然是配对，怎么题目里只有一组信息?其实只要你认真读指令语：Which paragraph contains the following information? 你就会明白配对的另一方，就是文章的段落A, B, C, D, E, F, G等等。简单说来，这个题就是需要你做information locating。部分题目指令语还会标明NB you may use any letter more than once，表示各小题答案之间会有相互重合的现象。
篇8：雅思阅读段落信息匹配题解题步骤实操讲解
联想法，顾名思义，是建立在联想之上的同义替换，两个词的意思不一定相同或者相似，但彼此之间一定有某种内在的联系。据笔者总结，联想法大体分三种，用到大家三种不同形式的联想能力。
联想法解雅思阅读段落信息匹配之先前细节做预选
这个题型虽然每次都是在一篇文章的第一个题型出现，但我们要最后做它。因为它不好定位，需要精读文章。而我们可以先做其他题目，比如有顺序性原则的填空单选判断，或是非常好定位的人名理论配对。而且，笔者这么多题目刷下来，发现一个普遍规律：其他题目对应的文章细节中，会有个别和段落细节配对题对应的文章细节重合。所以我的建议是：在做其他细节题的时候，在文章对应部分标上题号(方便回头检查和查找)。在做段落细节配对划题目中的关键词的时候，利用对刚才做过的其它题目的记忆和联想去预选。
比如剑6 Test 1 Passage 1里面的分类题Q8“cameras”对应文章中C段的：It collects images from digital cameras。而这篇文章的段配里面的Q2：an explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations, 记忆力还不错的同学就可能通过刚才做Q8看到过的images, cameras联想到Q22中的visual imaging, 从而选出C段。像这种两道题目对应同一个原文细节的例子在真题中比比皆是。
比如剑10 Test 4 Passage 2 The second Nature这篇文章，人名理论匹配题里面的好几个细节都和后面的段落细节匹配题细节对应：
C段中的David Fajgerbaum: “He was preparing for university, when he had an accident that put an end to his sports career. … He took action despite his own pain – a typical response of optimist.” 讲到这个David在上大学之前遭受了意外，但他没有自暴自弃反而还帮助别人重建信心，是一个乐观的人。这就跟其后的Q24. An account of how someone overcame a sad experience“一个人怎么克服不好的经历的”对应，所以先做人名理论配对题再做这个题，就能很容易把sad experience和accident联想起来，选出C段。
联想法解雅思阅读段落信息匹配之抽象概括-具体细节联想
这种同义替换在段落信息匹配题型中也很常见，即题目中的信息是把文章细节概括总结成的一句话，用词比较抽象概括，而我们可以通过常识以及做这种题目的经验来联想，这个general的词在文中可能会是哪些细节词，从而进行有针对性地扫读/精读来定位答案。先举一个比较简单的例子：
剑雅雅思6 Test 3 Passage 1的Q1. the location of the first cinema这句话很简单，而里面的关键词location和first都一定会被替换，而我们通篇是找不到近义词position, address, located in之类的信息的，但是一说到location, 我们能够联想到“地址”通常都是用大写的地名来表示的，所以定位的时候去有目的地找大写地名就很容易定位这题了。这道题最后是通过首段的一个Paris来轻松定位的。
其后的Q3. The speed with which cinema has changed, 这道题中的关键词speed速度，我们也可以去联想，当描述速度时我们会用到哪些词?无非就是数据和快慢一类的词，所以最后是通过J段的第一句话：It has all happened so quickly.的quickly来定位这个细节的。
下面笔者为大家整理了一些常见的抽象概括-具体细节之间联想的例子：
Name-大写，专有名词
Age-数字
Military军事的- weapon, war, soldier, battle, battlefield, army…
Biological生物学的- gene, DNA, instinct, inborn, inherent, physical…
Environmental环境的- river, air, tree, species, nature, pollution, eco-system…
Fund资金的- funding, finance, financial, money, expense, expenditure…
联想法解雅思阅读段落信息匹配之文章结构特征联想
由于A类阅读文体以说明文和议论文为主，而这种文体不同于记叙文和散文没有章法的结构，还是比较符合一定的篇章架构的。比如说，说明文通常会按照“定义-症状/表现-原因-影响-解决办法/展望”这种逻辑去写，所以当出现explanation /background /definition/ concept等词的时候我们可以联想它应该对应文章前面的段落。而当我们遇到一篇描述实验的文章的时候，也能联想到做实验的顺序“实验背景-目的-实验对象-实验过程-实验结果-启示/应用等”，如果细心做雅思阅读，大多同学都能积累起一定的对部分主题文章的篇章构造的了解。
例如剑5 Test 1 Passage 2 Nature or Nurture? Q14-19
14. a biological explanation of the teacher-subjects' behaviour(对实验对象行为的解释)
15. the explanation Milgram gave the teacher-subjects for the experiment(对实验的解释)
16. the identity of the pupils(实验中的学生身份)
17. the expected statistical outcome(预计的实验结果)
18. the general aim of sociobiological study(某种研究的总体目标)
19. the way Milgram persuaded the teacher-subjects to continue(Milgram如何让实验对象继续)
我们可以用对实验过程的联想来猜测这几题对应的段落的范围：既然讲的是一个实验，那么应该会先介绍这个实验的背景，即为何要做这个实验(15)，介绍参与实验的实验对象(16)，然后(17)预计的结果应该在实验开始之前，而真正的实验应该在这之后的段落。而(19)Milgram让实验者继续这个动作应该出现在实验中。实际实验结果应该在这之后，然后，肯定要分析为什么会出现这样的结果，所以可能会出现(14)，这几题便可以根据记录实验的常规顺序推出。可能不是百分百准确，但至少可以作为一个线索和参考。18题不确定，再去其他剩下的段落里面找，18题有关键词aim和专有名词sociobiology, 还算比较好定位。
当然，更多时候我们可以综合运用这几个方法来定位和解题。以剑11 Test 1 Passage 3 Reducing the Effects of Climate Change一文的段落细节匹配题为例：
Q27. Mention of a geo-engineering project on an earlier natural phenomenon
Q28. An example of a successful use of geo-engineering
Q29. A common definition of geo-engineering
27题里面的earlier natural phenomenon, 联想到“过去的”“自然现象”，就应着重关注过去的时间和自然现象的词;28题里面的successful use“成功应用”应该是在29题的definition“定义”之后的，而且会有比较积极意义的词出现，而29题definition应该在文章前面段落出现。最后结果也印证了我们的猜想：29题对应A段，28题对应B段，27题对应D段的historical volcanic explosion… in the Philippines in 1991…(1991年的火山喷发)。
如果能熟练掌握这三种联想法，那么在做雅思阅读段落信息匹配题的时候就会节约很多时间，并且正确率还是比较高的。
篇9：雅思阅读段落信息匹配题解题步骤实操讲解
常常会跟学生说，知道你要找的信息是什么，怎么找，是解答段落信息匹配题的敲门砖。举剑桥真题7册中Test 2 Passage 2的15题为例。
信息内容为：
the stages in the development of the farming industry
习惯于找细节定位词的学生一定会说：找farming industry、找development。但其实这个题的核心点在于stages这个词，其后的两组介宾结构都是stages的后置定语，起到辅助定位的作用，重要性次之。所以，定语部分的信息可以用作辅助定位，但不要喧宾夺主，否则容易出现定位失误。然而stages这个词本身为抽象名词，呈现在原文中的形式应该为具体化后的细节。所以定位内容并非stages原词，而是能够反映出各个不同阶段的更为细节的信息。大有可能是我们平日里写作文时使用的诸如at the beginning, afterwards, then, finally等等的细节词。
能将自己劝住不迷恋题干原词，并且能发挥主观能动性去仔细剖析，能切实将抽象名词具体化回归原文定位的做法，才是正确无误的解题步骤。
选文框架
对文章布局，段落主旨的把握，很大程度上可以帮助我们更有针对性的定位信息。比如在一篇写uniform的文章中，要找the original purposes of uniforms，我们大多会猜想这个信息会不会出现在文章靠前的段落当中，当然前提是这篇文章没有采用倒叙的手法。
此外，我们可以先对段落首句和尾句进行浏览，了解段落大致意思，初步判定与题干信息是否有可能有相关性，如果觉得有可能，再继续往下搜索。举剑桥真题11册中的Test 3 Passage 3的31题为例。
信息内容为：
mention of different focuses of books about mathematics
在文章的大背景下，所以我们要找的核心是different focuses，即众多数学书籍中不同的聚焦点。在浏览文章时，我们发现B段第一句话One of my purposes in writing this book is to give readers who haven't had the opportunity to see and enjoy real mathematics the chance to appreciate the mathematical way of thinking. 讲到作者创作这本书的意图。之后讲到In that respect, this book differs from most books on mathematics written for the general public. 开始对比该书与别的书目之间的区别。这个时候，我们大致可以确定，后边会涉及其他书目的特点、创作意图，也就是继续顺藤摸瓜读下去，就会有我们要找的different focuses of books的具体体现。
综上所述，在处理段落信息匹配题时，一定要“三观”健全：充分了解这个题型的题目要求和命题动机，在此前提之下，知道自己要找的信息是什么，大致在文章哪个部分要去哪儿找，做出匹配时，不盲目贪恋原词重现，不混乱矛盾。
篇10：雅思阅读段落信息匹配题解题步骤实操讲解
2、Some paragraphs might not contain any answers.
有些段落没有对应选项。这也是在雅思段落与信息中小伙伴们需要注意的一个问题。
篇11：雅思阅读段落信息匹配题解题步骤实操讲解
3、The same paragraph might contain more than one answer.
有些段落含有两条信息。注意凡是有NB来说明这一点的，一定有一个段落是被选了两次的。
篇12：雅思阅读段落信息匹配题解题步骤实操讲解
5、Do these questions last. By doing other questions first, you will become familiar with the passage, and you might remember where some of the answers are.
对于做题顺序，段落信息配对题要放在最后做，在对于段落已经有所熟悉和理解的基础上，做这类题目更加有效，因为通过其他题目，对于某些内容考生们已经了然于心，寻找也就更加快速了。
【雅思阅读摘要题5大解题步骤讲解教案】相关文章：
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