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托福阅读4大类文章主要结构实例分析提速从了解结构开始

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篇1：托福阅读4大类文章主要结构实例分析提速从了解结构开始

托福阅读文章话题种类很多，其中有许多学术性较强的文章从未接触过此类话题的同学可能会觉得很难看懂理解，其实想要看懂这类文章或是提升阅读速度，考生完全可以从分析文章结构的角度入手。本文将为大家介绍托福阅读的4大类主要文章结构，一起来看。

托福阅读4大类文章主要结构实例分析提速从了解结构开始

1、Problem/Solution(问题与解决方法)

Problem/Solution解决方法类文章指的是文章一开头就抛出一个问题，而主题内容是在就这个问题进行探讨给出答案。此类文章最明显的特征就是在开头段背景引入部分会引入问题，然后下面给出几种可能的解释。例如TPO17《Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia》这篇文章，开头段讲东西方人都想要彼此进行贸易，但是苦于陆上交通被阻隔掉了，因此需要海上贸易，可是又存在一系列的问题。接着文章就具体描述存在的问题以及是如何克服掉这些阻碍的。主要问题介绍完了整篇文章也就差不多了，而最后的文章内容小结题总结出来的三个选项也是跟这些主要问题相关的。

2、Classification(分类)

Classification指的是文章对某一个大的话题进行分类讨论，这类文章结构非常清晰，能够让我们一目了然。以TPO17的《Symbiotic Relationships》为例，文章讨论的大的话题是symbiotic relationship(共生关系)，文章在第一段就直接写明有3种symbiotic relationships，然后接下来分段论述这3种共生关系分别有什么样的特点。这样的结构对于我们做文章内容小结题非常有利，因为summary通常就是把所分的几个小类分别用一个选项概括出来。把握住了文章中3种共生关系的主要特点，最后一题也就手到擒来了。

同样属于分类结构的文章还有TPO13的《Types of Social Groups》，TPO16的《Planets of Our Solar Systems》，TPO20的《Fossil Preservation》等等，读文章时要注意记录各个类型的主要特点，这样在面对最后一题时即便时间有限也可以从容不迫。

3、Comparison/Contrast(比较)

Comparison/Contrast指的是文章中含有两种相关的事物，将这两种事物在各个方面进行了一系列的比较，其实整体结构类似于上面所说的分类。比较典型的文章例如TPO12的《Water in the Desert》，文中主要介绍了沙漠中的水，将其中的河流分为两大类：Endogenous Rivers(内流河)和Exogenous Rivers(外流河)，然后分别论述这两大类的主要特征。

在碰到这种类型的文章时，往往最后会出一道表格题，要求考生总结两个比较对象的特征。表格题区别于文章内容小结题的一大特点是，选项中包含的细节比较多。不同于小结题的选项高度概括，表格题本质上其实是基于全文的细节题，需要看的内容比较多，所以在前面看文章时需要记好笔记，将文章主要行文结构弄清楚：这两类事物的本质区别是什么?分别在哪些段落讲述了各自的特征?确定好大的框架，最后做题时进行定位不至于慌乱。

类似的文章还有官方指南的《Applied Arts and Fine Arts》，《Artisan and Industrialization》，《Nineteenth-Century Politics In the United States》，《Early Cinema》以及TPO7的《Ancient Rome and Greece》，TPO30的《The Pace of Evolutionary Change》等等。

4、Cause/Effect(因果)

Cause/Effect又称现象解释型文章，所指的是一篇文章讨论的话题是一个现象，就这个现象的形成原因或是产生的结果花了大量篇幅进行介绍。最为典型的一篇文章就是官方指南中的《Desert Formation》，文章主要就是在介绍沙漠化形成的各种原因，最后文章小结也就是将这些原因当中比较重要的几点总结出来，所以概括时主要关注每个段落的中心句即可。官方指南中的《Green Icebergs》，《The Expression of Emotions》以及TPO16的《Trade and Ancient Middle East》等都属于此类文章。

托福阅读答题如何做到精准

以下的错误，你犯了没有?

1、不读完文章，直接做题。这种方法相当于瞎子摸象，对文章只有局部而主观的认知，整个文章的概念是根本无法获得的。以自己的思想去猜测文章大意，很多时候会偏离主旨。所以，这种不看文章直接做题的方法是极其危险的。

2、一字不漏地细读文章，再做题。如果你的阅读速度超群，或者这篇文章你很熟悉，那这样做未尝不可。但是一般来说，采用细读会导致做题时间严重不足。要知道，阅读理解测试的不止是理解，更是速度。

3、词汇题迷信自己的记忆。在做词汇题时，许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关，认识单词能做对，不认识单词就会做错。事实上，那些认识的单词经常做错，不认识的单词反而能做对。原因是，做不认识单词时，考生往往会仔细研读词汇题的上下文，力求在上下文中突破。而做认识单词时，忽略上下文的重要性，往往是装模作样的看一下上下文，便匆匆做出抉择。所以，做好词汇题关键在于透彻分析上下文所要表达的涵义。

从题型来看，TOEFL阅读的特点是题量大，涉及的词汇面广。要想考好阅读，要求考生不光有扎实的英语基础，还需要精准的做题策略。

第一步：花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子，做一个简短的scanning，定位文章难易程度，以及了解文章大致主题。虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为11分钟，但是有的文章七八分钟便可以轻松对付，有的文章则需要15分钟左右，所以这其中的时间安排就需要考生自主调节。一般来说，5篇文章中有2篇难度大一些，按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好几道题甚至是来不及做，带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难易程度，同时目测文章的题量分布，这有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间，是非常必要的。

教师在线指导，如何备考托福阅读考试

第二步：通过阅读文章结构来进一步进行scanning。所谓结构，即文章的骨架子。 TOEFL文章涉及人文社科和自然科学，大多是结构明确的议论文、说明文，它们最显著的特点是呈板块结构。 TOEFL文章均由数个自然段组成，正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透，文章首句经常为文章主题，然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读，文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句，同时也应该看一下第二句，如果有转折词，则此时第二句才是这一段的主旨。没有必要每个句子都理解，很多时候这样做无疑是白白浪费时间。以最快捷的方式了解文章大意，从而正确引导下一步做具体的题，而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。而自始至终考生应该遵循这条原则：看完文章，才能开始做题。

做题时，考生们应该明白以下道理：

1、有据可循。每篇文章题目都根据文章布局一步一步向前推进，即使有个别题打乱文章布局，在题干里总是有提供信息的关键词将考生带入文章的具体部位。

2、回归原文。做题时，根据题干或选项的关键词回归文章寻找重现关键词或其释义的语言区域，同时排除相应的选项。

3、整句分析。遇到难句子时，应该对其进行句子结构分析，排除修饰成分，寻找主干部分，从而迅速把握整个句子的意思，不要盯着单个的词不放，不然就会因小失大。

4、基于事实。每个问题的四个选项或者是对文章中相关部分的正确释度、或者是歪曲原文、或者与原文毫不相干。换句话说，命题专家在设置试题时会玩一些文字游戏，用各种表达形式让考生晕头转向、雾里看花。考生应该明白自己的职责是辨别真伪，找到符合文章意思和题意的选项。

托福阅读真题1

The first birds appeared during late Jurassic times. These birds are known from four very good skeletons, two incomplete skeletons, and an isolated feather, all from the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, Germany. This fine-grained rock, which is extensively quarried for lithographic stone, was evidently deposited in a shallow coral lagoon of a tropical sea, and flying vertebrates occasionally fell into the water and were buried by the fine limy mud, to be preserved with remarkable detail. In this way, the late Jurassic bird skeletons, which have been named Archaeopteryx, were fossilized. And not only were the bones preserved in these skeletons, but also were imprints of the feathers. If the indications of feathers had not been preserved in association with Archaeopteryx, it is likely that these fossils would have been classified among the dinosaurs, for they show numerous theropod characteristics. Archaeopteryx were animals about the size of a crow, with an archeosaurian type of skull, a long neck, a compact body balanced on a pair of strong hind limbs, and a long tail. The forelimbs were enlarged and obviously functioned as wings.

Modern birds, who are the descendants of these early birds, are highly organized animals, with a constant body temperature and a very high rate of metabolism. In addition, they are remarkable for having evolved extraordinarily complex behavior patterns such as those of nesting and song, and the habit among many species of making long migrations from one continent to another and back each year.

Most birds also have very strong legs, which allow them to run or walk on the ground as well as to fly in the air. Indeed, some of the waterbirds, such as ducks and geese, have the distinction of being able to move around proficiently in the water, on land, and in the air, a range in natural locomotor ability that has never been attained by any other vertebrate.

1. According to the author, all of the following evidence relating to the first birds was found EXCEPT

(A) nesting materials

(B) four skeletons in good condition

(D) a single feather

2. The word preserved in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) confused with others

(B) gradually weakened

(D) lost permanently

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the Archaeopteryx were classified as birds on the basis

(A) imprints of bones

(B) imprints of feathers

(D) skeletons

4. The word they in line 10 refers to

(A) indications

(B) fossils

(D) characteristics

5. Why does the author mention a crow in line 11?

(A) to indicate the size of Archaeopteryx

(B) To specify the age of the Archaeopteryx fossils

(D) To demonstrate the superiority of the theropod to Archaeopteryx

6. It can be inferred from the passage that theropods were

(A) dinosaurs

(B) birds

(D) crows

7. The word constant in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) comfortable

(B) combined

(D) complementary

8. The author mentions all of the following as examples of complex behavior patterns evolved by

birds EXCEPT

(A) migrating

(B) nesting

(D) running

9. The word attained in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) required

(B) achieved

(D) merited

PASSAGE 59 ACBBA ACDB

托福阅读真题2

By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber — or lint — from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.

The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.

In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States — west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.

1. The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time

when

(A) the European textile industry increased its demand for American export products

(B) mechanization of spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry

(D) cotton became the most important American export product

2. The word favored in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) preferred

(B) recommended

(D) included

3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for

cotton EXCEPT

(A) cotton's softness

(B) cotton's ease of processing

(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.

4. The word laborious in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) unfamiliar

(B) primitive

(D) difficult

5. According to the passage , one advantage of Sea island cotton was its

(A) abundance of seeds

(B) long fibers

(D) adaptability to different climates

6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the United

States after the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin?

(A) More cotton came from Sea island cotton plants than before.

(B) More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before.

(D) Most cotton produced was exported to England.

7. The word surge in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) sharp increase

(B) sudden stop

(D) excess amount

8. The author mentions wheat and wheat flour in line 23 in order to

(A) show that Americans exported more agricultural products than they imported.

(B) show the increase in the amount of wheat products exported.

(D) demonstrate that wheat farming was becoming more profitable.

9. The word unprecedented in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) slow

(B) profitable

(D) never explained

10. According to the passage , the Mississippi River was

(A) one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took place

(B) a major source of water for agricultural crops

(D) a main source of power for most agricultural machinery

PASSAGE 60 DACDB BACCA

托福阅读4大类文章主要结构实例分析提速从了解结构开始

篇2：托福阅读4大类文章主要结构实例分析

托福阅读4大类文章主要结构实例分析提速从了解结构开始

1、Problem/Solution(问题与解决方法)

2、Classification(分类)

3、Comparison/Contrast(比较)

4、Cause/Effect(因果)

托福考试阅读技巧指代题解析

一、指代关系题可以分为两类：代词指代题和词汇指代题。

1. 代词指代题：

对于代词指代题，简单句中的这类题目可以采用就近原则来解决：先读整个句子，以代词为线索在其周围寻找与它意思接近的词汇或者短语。而对于主从复合句，采用后指代前的方法。一般来说，从句的代词主语指代主句的名词主语。这个与主从复合句的类型没有关系。

例如：

The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.

The word “they “refers to

A. skeleton B. scavengers C. creatures D. environments

这个句子为复合句，前半句的主语为skeletons，所以按照上面的原则A为正确答案。

2. 词汇指代题：

这种类题主要是指所考察的指代词语为词汇或者短语，而不是指代。

例如：代词指代题的常问方式为： The word “they, it, their...” refer to …

词汇指代题的常问方式为: The word “ W ” refer to … ,其中，“W ”为词汇或者短语。

其解题技巧和代词指代题解题技巧一样，采用就近原则和后指代前的方法。

我们来看一个例子：

In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling cat resembles a magician’s trick. The gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the process is obscured.

The word “process” in refer to

A. The righting of tumbling cat

B. The cat’s fall slowed down

C. High-speed photography

D. A scientific experiment

这是个主从复合句，从句的主语为process，所以答案应该为The gyrations of the cat in midair，但是答案中没有相同的选项。根据代词指代的特点，本句中找不到所指代的对象，所指代的对象通常出现在上一句话中，所以正确答案为A。

二、解答指代关系题的三大步骤：

1. 看题干，确定指代类型

2. 带着题干主线索回原文圈定答案范围

3. 采用排除法，确定答案。

总之，正确理解原文是解决这类问题的关键，之后按照这三个步骤，采用就近原则和后指代前的技巧进行解答。

托福考试阅读技巧插入题的解题步骤

插入句子题是IBT阅读中的新题性。这类题目是给出一句话让我们来判断这句话应加入一个段落中四个方块的哪个部分,用鼠标双击所选的黑色方块即可。做这类题目的关键首先是理解该句子，寻找其中的衔接词，分析这个句子的特点和其在文中的作用，然后把这个句子带入原文中检验其是否合适。

掌握衔接词是解答插入句子题的关键

掌握衔接词对解答这类问题非常重要，因为它是理解上下文和这个句子的逻辑关系的核心。衔接词语主要包括代词(指示代词，例如this, these their, it, such, another ，这些通常是上文提到过的，所以可以采用就近原则来做。);关键同义词，重复出现的形容词，副词和名词;表示因果，转折等关系的过渡词语：如，therefore, so, however, as a result, consequently, on the contrary, however 等;递进扩展词：如，furthermore, also, as well, too, in addition, moreover, besides, even, additionally等;结构配对词：如，on the one hand…. on the other hand，some…others，同时还要注意一些表示顺序的词，如first ,second ,third等。

我们来具体来一个例子：

1. But there is also another special kind of conversational flow among Southern women that contributed to their writing. 2. Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake.3. Sometimes humorous, sometimes sad; all were as bright as the figures in the fine needlepoint. 4.

Look at the four positions that indicate where the following sentences can be added to the …paragraph of the passage.

These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations.

Click on a position to add the sentence to the passage.

A: position 1 B: Position 2 C: Position 3 D: Position 4

具体的解题步骤：

1. 理解要插入的句子：These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, and narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations. 我们看这个句子是主、谓、宾结构，其中宾语为一些列的并列名词和短语。

2. 寻找衔接词：这个句子的衔接词为：These tales

3. 分析这个句子和上下文的关系：位置1 不可能，因为它后面的句子是一个主题型句子，即，提出论点，而我们要插入的句子为一个小点，属于论据。然后看位置2，这里出现了和我们要加入句子一样的信息点Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake。显然句子放在位置2是不行的;位置3后面的句子是对其前面句子for their own sake的进一步解释。所以最后只能是位置4了。

4. 把这个句带入各个位置。

5. 检查每个位置，位置4是最恰当的。

总之，把握这五大步骤是我们解决插入句子题的一个便利小窍门，具体的应用方法因人而议。理解需要插入句子的结构，找出衔接词是解题关键。同时要注意整个段落的结构以及上下文逻辑关系。

托福阅读考试练习题目做题方法介绍

托福阅读考试练习题目做题方法一：顺序做题

在这样的方法中，通常大家都会用5分钟左右的时间阅读完整篇文章，而将大概的重点都放在文章的结构和关键内容的理解中。而剩余的15分钟时间，就会从题目的第一题顺序做到最后一题。也就是说，文章应对题目，看了一段题目后，找到相应要解决掉的题目。这样的方法相信是大部分备考学生都会采用到的。其优点在于，可以让大家对于整题的文章有了一定的把握，同时，容易理解文章的细节信息，建立阅读的自信。当然，其中的确定就是，很难控制好答题的时间，另外在做最后一题时候，往往会需要我们在重新阅读一下整篇文章。

托福阅读考试练习题目做题方法二：最后一题优先

而针对以上这样的问题，很多同学也曾经考虑过改变顺序从而应对答题时间的问题。也就是是说，在阅读完整篇文章之后，先做最后一到小结题，然后再从第一题做到倒数第二题。当然，这样方法有着一定的好处，因为在刚刚阅读结束后对于整篇文章有着比较深的印象，在完成最后一题是能有比较高的准确率。但如果在这道题中稍稍耽搁了一会儿，也将会之后解题带来很大的时间压力。

托福阅读考试练习题目做题方法三：先题后文

用题目还原到文章这样的解题，目前也是被大家逐渐推崇的一种不错的答题方法。也就是说，我们可以花上15分钟做第一题。然后，先题后文，读题目根据关键词定位到段落中某段话。然后，进行这句话和选项内容的比对，找到最终的答案。而最后的5分钟，我们就可以留给最后一题了。这样的方法不仅可以保证在规定时间内完成答题，同时，也可以保证绝大多数题目的准确率。但是，想要使用这种方法，我们就必须有着很好的答题技巧，必须对于各个题型的解题方法和流程非常娴熟，否则只能增加自己解题的心理负担。

篇3：托福阅读提速从结构开始

托福阅读提速从结构开始掌握文章整体和句子结构很重要

托福阅读提速要熟悉文章整体结构

备考托福阅读考试的同学可能都知道，托福阅读的最后一题为总结题，这一题的分值比前面的题目也要高，同时它不仅仅是考察文章中的某一段，往往是要通读全文，了解文章结构的情况下才能答对的。很多考生在托福阅读考试中时间不够或许是因为在最后一题上花费的时间太多，拿得时间不够用。那么对于托福阅读的最后题考生应该如何去应对呢?

很多考生都会觉得做托福阅读文章最后一题时都要回去将阅读文章重新再读一次，否则是很难找到标准答案的，但是这样是非常耽误大家的考试时间的。其实之所以考生需要重新再读一次，是因为考生没有对于阅读文章的结构掌握清楚，那么考生应该如何去解决这个问题呢?小编建议大家在平时的练习时就不要因为做完题了就万事大吉了，要把每篇文章充分的利用起来，观察它们的结构，多做总结，这样的工作如何在备考时做得多了，那么你必然会从中获益匪浅。

托福阅读提速要学会分析句子结构

从小从我们读书开始，老师就要求我们在做题时要认真读题，这样才能了解题意，对正确答题有帮助。所以我们在阅读托福文章的时候，通常都是习惯于逐字逐句的进行阅读，同时也会机械的把所有的英文单词的中文意思堆砌起来。对于这种方法，一些简单的题目这个方法是没有问题，但是如果是一些结构复杂的句子中，如果你这样做就会造成极大的浪费。再说这个方法也不能确保你能百分之百的答对题。那么考生应该如何去应对呢?

小编建议大家，这里最好的选择就是学会主动地去分析句子的结构，要弄清楚句子的主语是谁?这个主语怎么了，发生了什么事?哪些句子成分是修饰的?哪个是谓语部分?当考生了解了这些之后，那么你就可以读完一句理解一句，那么你的托福考试的时间就不存在不够的问题了。

托福阅读词汇“An unknown goddess”

Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea. An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of AyiaIrini. The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. Houses – often three storeys high – were built of stone. They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls. The city was even equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.

The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of the temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C. This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious even then. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stood (was) three feet high and her hands rested on her hips. She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground. Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.

1.explore 探索: To search for discovery; examine

形近词

explode 爆炸

exploit 开发,利用

expedite 加速,迅速的

expedition 探险

词组例句

explore outer space 太空勘探

explore every possibilities 系统地研究每一个可能性

explore ancient temple 考察古庙

The archaeologists are exploring the cave.

2.prosperous 繁荣的(修饰经济)

successful or thriving, esp. financially

同/近义词

wealth 富有的

flourishing 兴旺的,繁茂的

thriving 兴隆的

booming 火的迅猛发展的

adequate 充足的

词组例句

Our finance is prosperous.我们的经济是繁荣的。

a prosperous new business 一家成功的新公司

a prosperous family 富裕的一家

a prosperous moment to make a decision 做决定的有利时机

3.civilization 文明

常用词组：enjoys a high level of civilization 享有高度的文明

4.worship 崇拜(非理性的): admire; respect

admire 敬佩

respect 尊敬

warship 军舰战船

例句

Who do you worship in the world?

5.sacred 宗教的，神圣的(可修释职业)是指献给上帝或神的事物，因为是神圣的，不容亵渎，指普遍视为神圣不可侵犯的东西

同/近义词

Divine神圣的：侧重于神性，在现在英语中指绝妙或非人世所有的事物

a divine punishment.上天的惩罚

expect to divine the future

mystic神秘的

blessed神佑的

religions宗教的

solemn 庄严的，庄重的

holy神圣的，圣洁的与sacred 替换

词组

sacred music圣乐

sacred promise神圣的诺言

6.classic adj.精典的,第一流 n.杰作,经典之作

形近词

classical古典的(未必精)

eg. classical music古典音乐

classical education人文科学教育

This is the classic example of love at the first sight.

7.construct(抽象虚的)比较正式，有技术较高，较复杂的结构，规模较大，抽象+具体

build /put up (实体的)建设

erect: (build high buildings) 侧重对高而垂直的东西建造，不如build广泛

eg. erect monument 建造纪念碑

erect clock tower建造钟楼

set up : set up a union 建造，侧重于开始

establish: establish a school 侧重稳固的建成，有“建立”的意思，建立学校体系等

found: found a country 侧重于建好基础，具体抽象皆可

词组

construction of socialism社会主义建设

construct a sentence

construct a broken statuary

8. rest … on 搭在…上

eg. Her eyes rest on the picture.

rest with +sb由某人决定

eg. This great decision rests with your mother.

9. hip n.[口]在服用兴奋剂,宗教信仰方面赶时髦的人;消息灵通人士;

adj.通晓的，见闻广的

例句

Mary is a real hip.

The guy isn’t a hip.那个家伙什么都不懂.

常用词组

Joined at the hip [口]交情极厚的

eg.This two are joined at the hip.

Shoot from the hip信口开河

eg. Sorry,I said that I shouldn’t have shot from the hip.

10.graceful 优雅的(修饰长相体态)

同/近义词

Elegant 优雅的(修饰举止behavior)

gentle 温柔的

naive 可爱的

tender: Someone or something that is tender expresses gentle and caring feelings

Tender is the night 夜色温柔菲茨杰拉德

菲茨杰拉德(F.Scott Fitzgerald)(1896——1940)，著名美国小说家。从19开始创作，以《人间天堂》一举成名。他的小说生动地反映了20年代“美国梦”的破灭，展示了大萧条时期美国上层社会“荒原时代”的精神面貌。直到1944年去世时，他仍在创作《最后一个大亨》。在他有限的创作生涯里，推出了包括《人间天堂》《伟大的盖茨比》《夜色温柔》等多部长篇小说和150篇短篇小说。

菲茨杰拉德在圣保罗从小就被以美国贵族的养成方式培养长大，但是他写作的主要动力却来自高度浪漫的想象。他创造力最旺盛的时期是美国历史上一个特殊的年代。第一次世界大战结束了，经济大萧条还没有到来，传统的清教徒道德已经土崩瓦解，享乐主义开始大行其道。用菲茨杰拉德自己的话来说，“这是一个奇迹的时代，一个艺术的时代，一个挥金如土的时代，也是一个充满嘲讽的时代。”菲茨杰拉德称这个时代为“爵士乐时代”，他自己也因此被称为爵士乐时代的“编年史家”和“桂冠诗人”。

练习：

1.They have tried their best to protect the _______ of the city wall.

a. remains b. remain c.remainder

remains 废墟;遗迹;遗体。此词必须用复数形式，但其动词有时可以用单数形式。

Eg. The remains of the supper were/was taken away.

2.________ his great age, the old man still helps the family at harvest time.

a. Although b. Despite c. In spite

Although + 从句;

Despite + 名词短语

In spite of 才为常用短语，后接名次短语

3. People used to go to Canterbury to _____ the saints there.

a. warship b. love c. worship

主要区别 warship和worship

4. She looks so ______ that she won the heart of the young man at once.

a. grace b. graceful c.disgraced

grace 为名词，优美, 雅致, 优雅

disgraced：dis表示否定的，表示耻辱, 失宠, 丢脸的人(或事);玷污

5. In the most______ room of the temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted.

A .holy b. religious c frightening

holy adj.神圣的, 圣洁的n.神圣的东西

religious adj.信奉宗教的, 虔诚的, 宗教上的, 修道的, 严谨的n.僧侣, 尼姑, 修道士

frightening adj.令人恐惧的, 引起突然惊恐的

6. The city had once known ______, for it enjoy a high level of civilization.

a. a prosperity b. the prosperity c. prosperity

prosperity是不可数名次，表示繁荣。文中并未指出具体的那一种繁荣。

7.The head was carefully preserved .It was ______.

a. conserved b. maintained c. in good condition

conserve 节省、节约

maintain 维持, 维修, 继续, 供养, 主张

in good condition 情况良好，与题干was carefully preserved (被精心地保护)在语意上衔接

语法解析：

1. stand 矗立，站立，忍受

There stands…

2. The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.

This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved.

1): must 的推测用法及其他情态动词的推测用法

over one hundred people must have been driven away by the noise, I am one of the few people left.

he must have been there with someone that we don’t know.

2); for: 表达解释原因，补充说明主句的原因。

如果再建些伸出海面的高大的烟囱状通风管, 隧道就具备了良好的通风条件。

这个节日是个欢乐的日子，因为在这一天，据说死去的人要回到他们的家里来，活着的人则对他们表示欢迎。

because, as, since, for, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that), in that

as意为“因为、由于”，语气比because弱，所引导的从句表示的是不言而喻、显而易见的原因和理由，其从句一般放在主句前As it was late ， we came back soon.

since(既然)语气较弱，强调已知的事实。

Since you can't answer the question, I'll ask someone else.

3. She stood (was) three feet high and her hands rested on her hips.

当你坐着的时候，把胳膊肘靠在扶手上。

When you are sitting, keep your elbow on the arm rest

当她说话的时候，目光停留在她丈夫的脸上。

As she spoke, her eyes rested on her husband's face.

4. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.

1) turn out 证明是= prove + n. / adj. / to be

我们的聚会非常成功。

2) it turned out that + 从句

我们一直努力追求的爱情其实就在我们的身边，从未离开我们

3) as it turned out…后来人们发现

后来人们才发现，保护环境的重要性同人类如何活下去是同等重要的。

托福阅读：推断题的解题方法

你还在害怕做推断题吗?

调查：你认为哪种题目最难

托福阅读中的推断题一直是考生心理的阴影和恐惧，尤其是“推断”两个字，瞬间会让大家联想到柯南, 福尔摩斯之类带有悬疑色彩的东西。据对所带的学生进行的调查，提到哪种阅读题型最难做，将近50%的学生把票投给了推断题。

毋庸置疑，推断题一定有一定的难度所在，这点我们从托福考试官方指南(og)的改变上就可发现一些端倪。第三版og上，推断题的考查数量为0-2题，第四版og已经增加到1-3题，ets的用(yin)意(mou)所在可见一斑。

那么，我们改如何应对推断题呢?推断题真的像我们想象的这么难么?

今天我们一起来从考查形式上来解刨一下推断题。

题干特征：推断题的题干经常会出现infer,suggest,imply, indicate这类单词

考查形式主要分为两大类：对比推断和细节推断，而后者出现的几率更大。

考查形式一：对比推断

A时间对比：一般有两个形成对比的时间点，它们所具有的特征一般相反。如：原文会出现before1990的信息，而题目会问after 1990的信息?

解决方案：收集问题对应的时间点的信息，然后取反。

注意原文中出现的表示时间节点的词 before, after, not…until…

例题

The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture-of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward,” observed an English visitor in 1817, during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the west reached a peak in the 1830’s, whereas in 1810 only a seventy of the American people lived west of the Appalachian mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?

○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.

○They were able to sell their produce at high prices.

○They had not been successful in raising cattle.

○They did not operate in a national market economy.

答案D

对应关键句：After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.

B直接对比：两个或多个事物的特征——如原文会出现A的特点，然后会有B和A相比较的信息，然后题目问B的特点?

解决方案：收集题干所问的推断对象(about后面的信息一般为推断对象)的全部信息(一般为上述的B)，然后在原文所描述的与之相关的信息(一般为上述的A)的基础之上取反。

注意原文中出现的表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas,on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等词。

例题

Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

○There were great numbers of them.

○They lived in the sea only.

○They did not leave many fossil remains.

答案A

对应关键句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

考查形式二：细节推断

考查细节判断，事物的特点，属性等。

解决方案：收集题干所提问的推断对象(about后面的信息一般为推断对象)的所有信息。如果推断对象所涉及的信息比较多，难以抓到重点，则逐个选项进行定位筛选。

例题

Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?

○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.

○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.

○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.

○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.

答案C

AThere it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.

BBy far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.

C At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

DOrdinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.

综上所述，推断题并没有我们想象的那么晦涩。它仍然是关注细节层面的题目，主要考查考生收集和题目相关的信息和梳理这些信息的能力。我们需要做到：

1把题干提问的推断对象的信息收集完全，并理解到位。

2记住所看即所得，不要过分推断，不要脑补。

3任何文章中出现的信息都有可能考查推断，所以不要忽略任何一个细节。

篇4：托福阅读结合实例从结构入手逐段分析

托福阅读说明类文章阅读技巧指点结合实例从结构入手逐段分析

托福阅读说明文怎么看懂?

一般而言，托福阅读中的说明文会说明某个现象，文章的第一段是：介绍背景及引出下文;之后的主体段，结构也很清晰：主旨句Topic sentence + 解释句Explain + 举例子Examples + 总结句Summary。其实跟我们高考语文有异曲同工之妙。下面来看实例解析：

The Roman Army's Impact on Britain(选自官方真题Official-19)

In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.

these troops had a considerable impact on Britain，也就是第一句说的是罗马军队对英国有影响。这句话相当于对题目的阐述，交代了文章的整个大背景。之后2～4句其实交代前提，开始具体的说开，要估算军队对平民的影响首先要了解一个事实：士兵不是平均分布的。那既然不是平均分布，肯定是有多有少的。所以，第三句接着说了有些地方士兵少：很快融入帝国的区域;第四句说有些地方士兵多影响大：军队驻扎的地方。第5～7句说回重点，也就是what，到底有哪些影响：军营先要征地;然后会抢走当地领导参与政府的机会;之后社会发展受阻，人民不满而反抗，最后军事镇压。

首段的第一句话，虽然句子很长，但其实只需要抓住结构层次进行分析就能找到阅读重点。

所以总共7句话的段落，分层三个层次，主旨句+前提说明+重点阐述。事实上，段落第一句就完成了background+introduction双重目的：英国被罗马帝国征服+ 士兵的营地/防御工事以及参与当地经济所造成的影响。

Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. …… Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.

第二段一开始就交代了经济交换的影响：强大的购买力，以及帮助修建基础设施。

Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. …… These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.

第三段还是在讲经济：刚来的时候士兵有钱没地方花;最后军队驻扎地变成了小镇。

The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. …… By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.

第四段开始讲另一个重大影响：当地人通过当兵获得可继承的罗马公民地位。

This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.

第五段，做了个小总结，讲这种融合过程及当地招募促进了北部边境的稳定。

通过上文实例讲解，相信大家对于托福阅读说明文的基本结构和解题思路也有了一定了解。之后大家在通过一些练习加深对说明文的认识和解题方法，以后面对这类高频阅读文章类型就能顺利解答确保得分了。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Perhaps one of the most dramatic and important changes that took place in the Mesozoic era occurred late in that era, among the small organisms that populate the uppermost, sunlit portion of the oceans — the plankton. The term plankton is a broad one, designating all of the small plants and animals that float about or weakly propel themselves through the sea. In the late stages of the Mesozoic era, during the Cretaceous period, there was a great expansion of plankton that precipitated skeletons or shells composed of two types of mineral: silica and calcium carbonate.

This development radically changed the types of sediments that accumulated on the seafloor, because, while the organic parts of the plankton decayed after the organisms died, their mineralized skeletons often survived and sank to the bottom. For the first time in the Earth's long history, very large quantities of silica skeletons, which would eventually harden into rock, began to pile up in parts of the deep sea. Thick deposits of calcareous ooze made up of the tiny remains of the calcium carbonate-secreting plankton also accumulated as never before. The famous white chalk cliffs of Dover, in the southeast of England, are just one example of the huge quantities of such material that amassed during the Cretaceous period; there are many more. Just why the calcareous plankton were so prolific during the latter part of the Cretaceous period is not fully understood. Such massive amounts of chalky sediments have never since been deposited over a comparable period of time.

The high biological productivity of the Cretaceous oceans also led to ideal conditions for oil accumulation. Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum. Sediments rich in organic material accumulated along the margins of the Tethys Seaway, the tropical east-west ocean that formed when Earth's single landmass (known as Pangaea) split apart during the Mesozoic era. Many of today's important oil fields are found in those sediments — in Russia, the Middle East, the Gulf of Mexico, and in the states of Texas and Louisiana in the United States.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How sediments were built up in oceans during the Cretaceous period

(B) How petroleum was formed in the Mesozoic era

(D) The differences between plankton found in the present era and Cretaceous plankton

2. The passage indicates that the Cretaceous period occurred

(A) in the early part of the Mesozoic era

(B) in the middle part of the Mesozoic era

(D) after the Mesozoic era

3. The passage mentions all of the following aspects of plankton EXCEPT

(A) the length of their lives

(B) the level of the ocean at which they are found

(D) their size

4. The word accumulated in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) depended

(B) matured

(D) collected

5. According to the passage , the most dramatic change to the oceans caused by plankton during

the Cretaceous period concerned

(A) the depth of the water

(B) the makeup of the sediment on the ocean floor

(D) a decline in the quantity of calcareous ooze on the seafloor

6. The white chalk cliffs of Dover are mentioned in line 14 of the passage to

(A) show where the plankton sediment first began to build up

(B) provide an example of a plankton buildup that scientists cannot explain

(D) indicate the largest single plankton buildup on Earth

7. The word prolific in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) fruitful

(B) distinct

(D) energetic

8. The word ideal in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) common

(B) clear

(D) immediate

9. The word it in line 22 refers to

(A) biological productivity

(B) oil

(D) petroleum

PASSAGE 90 CCADB CACC

篇5：托福阅读学术性文章2大结构分析

学术性文章的自然段落，一般需要具备两个组成部分：

(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句：表达段落的主旨，即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么。

(2) Detail 细节：为了详细说明段落中心含义，所罗列的相关支持内容，即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。

Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail细节，这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“TS+D段落结构”。托福文章段落大都遵循这种结构，我们通过段落主旨句就可以把握该段的中心含义。

托福(TOEFL)考试阅读模拟试题

Hormones in the Body

Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.

Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.

As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.

Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual's personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.

In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots-dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.

Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.

27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) desire

(B) origin

(D) chemical

28. The word it in the passage refers to

(A) secretin

(B) small intestine

(D) pancreas

29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) remembered

(B) surprised

(D) motivated

30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must

(A) be part of the digestive process

(B) influence the operations of the nervous system

(D) regulate attitudes and behavior

31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to

(A) whether scientists understand their function

(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body

(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the blood

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]

32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) misunderstood

(B) precise

(D) simple

33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) sudden

(B) small

(D) noticeable

34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.

(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.

(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people's psychology and actions extensively.

35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) decreased

(B) advertised

(D) researched

36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?

(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal

(B) Adults with strong digestive systems

(D) Children who may remain abnormally small

37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?

These sentences are highlighted in the passage.

(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.

(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.

(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots-dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form.

(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.

38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren't aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.

Answer Choices

The term hormone is based on a Greek word that means “to excite” or “to set in motion.”Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.

Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.

Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.

Answer Keys

Reading:

27. B

28. A

29. D

30. C

31. D

32. C

33. B

34. D

35. A

36. D

37. A

38. third square

39.1) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….

2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…..

3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….

篇6：托福阅读学术类题材文章结构段落实例分析

托福阅读学术类题材文章结构段落实例分析

托福阅读说明文结构讲解

官方真题Official-19 The Roman Army's Impact on Britain

留下 these troops had a considerable impact on Britain;也就是第一句说的是罗马军队对英国有影响。这句话相当于对题目的阐述，交代了文章的整个大背景。之后2～4句其实交代前提，开始具体的说开，要估算军队对平民的影响首先要了解一个事实：士兵不是平均分布的。那既然不是平均分布，肯定是有多有少的。所以，第三句接着说了有些地方士兵少：很快融入帝国的区域;第四句说有些地方士兵多影响大：军队驻扎的地方。第5～7句说回重点，也就是what，到底有哪些影响：军营先要征地;然后会抢走当地领导参与政府的机会;之后社会发展受阻，人民不满而反抗，最后军事镇压。

首段的第一句话，虽然句子很长，但其实只需要抓住结构层次进行分析就能找到阅读重点。

第二段一开始就交代了经济交换的影响：强大的购买力，以及帮助修建基础设施。

第三段还是在讲经济：刚来的时候士兵有钱没地方花;最后军队驻扎地变成了小镇。

第四段开始讲另一个重大影响：当地人通过当兵获得可继承的罗马公民地位。

第五段，做了个小总结，讲这种融合过程及当地招募促进了北部边境的稳定。

深度分析影响托福阅读能力的几点情况

1.逐字翻译导致读句子的速度慢

很多同学在翻译句子的过程中，都没有一个良好的习惯，只是机械地把所有英文单词的中文意思堆砌起来。对于简单句来说，这样做其实无可厚非;但是遇到语法结构稍微复杂的句子，这种方法便会立刻失效，于是同学们便会不断重复回看这句话，想要弄清楚它的意思，这样便造成了时间上的极大浪费。所以我们在平时练习过程中需要训练自己养成一个良好的阅读习惯，不要被那些单词牵着走，而要主动地去分析句子结构：句子主语是谁?这个主语怎么了，发生了什么事?谁是修饰成分?谁才是真正的谓语?当我们能够做到读完一句理解一句，相信我们自然就能在要求时间之内答完题了。

2.练习少，对题目缺乏熟悉度

许多同学把备考托福阅读等同于背单词，因而一天到晚只跟单词书亲近，却不曾正眼看过TPO中的阅读文章。背单词固然重要，毕竟单词不会，文章也无法理解。但是想要提高分数、想要冲刺阅读高分，那我们就必须把TPO阅读文章当作圣经一样来对待。这不只是草草做题对答案了事，更是通过大量做题，来增强自己对于托福阅读出题套路的了解，以期掌握每种题型的应对方案，争取做到读完题之后，能够立刻找到题干中的有效关键词，再迅速回文定位答案。同学们不要觉得题海战术是很笨的方法，多年实践已经证明，它其实是一种很有效率的学习方法，关键在于我们是否能够通过题海战术有所收获，而不是为了做题而做题。

3. 文章结构不够熟悉

我特别强调做完题后，分析每篇文章的文章结构这件事。为什么?因为文章结构大概也就那么几种，见得多了，便就一见如故了。在考场上，我们根本没有时间为了最后一道题而把文章再通读一便。而倘若我们在做题过程中，就能迅速总结出每一段的中心意思，那么这篇文章我们一定会读得更通透，在做每一段相应的题时也就能够提高准确率。而能否迅速总结出段落大意就依赖于平时严格的训练。不要做完了题就万事大吉，把每篇文章充分利用起来，观察它们的结构，多做总结，这样的工作做得多了，必然会有所收获的。

巧用定位词缩短托福阅读时间

首先介绍一下，什么是托福阅读定位词?

其实很简单，打个比方，你和朋友约好了去酒吧，朋友和你说酒吧在沈阳新东方正对面，这个酒吧你是不知道地点的，也就是你的目的地;而新东方却很熟知，那么你只需找到新东方便可以找到酒吧了。在这里新东方是已知的，就是用来定位的词汇，而酒吧则是你的目的所在，也便是你要找的答案。

定位词的称呼有很多，如关键词，主旨词，功能词，中心词等等。这些只是个名称罢了，含义都是一致的：一个可以根据题干回原文定位，并能够找到出处的词，这个题干中的词就是定位词 or key word。

托福阅读定位词有什么样的特征?

定位词总体特征：不可变性和细节性

不可变性：定位词是用来定位的，所以必须找那些回原文依然不变的词汇，才有意义。通常不用动词和副词来定位。通常是名词或充当定语的形容词。

细节性：不要找大概念的词汇，更不要拿代表全文主旨的词汇来定位。换句话说不要找那些原文一大堆的词汇，无法定位。

如，95年英国剑桥委员会British Council给出的唯一样题文章的题目是: The Spectacular Eruption of Mount St. Helens

下面有一道选择题是“According to the text the eruption of Mount St. Helens and other volcanoes has influenced our climate by…”

拿这道题为例，如果大家把Mount St. Helens 作为关键词回原文进行定位，那你会郁闷致死，全文主要讲的就是圣海伦斯火山的喷发，原文有N多个Mount St. Helens，所以即使这个词属于大写的专有名词，但他违背了细节性，是概括性的词汇，也不能作为定位词来寻找答案。

究竟哪些词在托福阅读当中充当定位词?

以下是定位词的分类：

1、特殊词汇

在阅读中有一些词张的比较特殊，这种词很容易被记住，也很容易回原文定位。

好比，在大街上上看到一个人光着身子跑步-------特殊难看

一个人的个子超高，像姚明一样------特殊长

一个人身上穿着10多种颜色的衣服，而且不停的摇头-----特殊怪

特殊怪，特殊长，特殊难

这三种词就是特殊词的所有特征，在文中看到这样的词，一定要警惕。如，

Sequoia 美洲杉 ---特殊怪，很好定位，也经常作为考点。

sodium 【化学】钠---特殊难，大家只要知道是一种化学元素足矣。

Simultaneous 同时的---特殊长，这种词本身的特点决定应作为定位词。

2、数字：通常指时间，金钱和百分比。

有一个道题目是这样问的：

“What are the dates of the TWO major eruptions before 1980?”

那么像1980 3185$ 69%这些词因为长相原因，段落全是英文，突然跑出来几个数字，十分显眼，也就很好回原文找到他们。

3、专有名词：

斜体字，大写人名,地名，大写的专有名词，这一点大家都很熟悉，不用多说。

4、特殊符号：

在特殊符号里或者旁边的词，最好通过符号回原文进行定位，如“paper conversation”，(three cubic miles) 这些词本身并没有什么特别，但放在符号里面，就可以根据符号回原文进行寻找。

总之，在国外考试的阅读中，无论是阅读文章，还是回答后面的10几道题目，定位词的寻找，都是一种有效的应试策略，更是学术文章的阅读的重要方法。

浅析番茄时间管理与托福阅读训练

英语阅读其实远没有我们想象的那么简单。从19前后开始，阅读行为研究作为一项跨学科性的研究，已经在各个方面持续性的进行。阅读行为的产生和人们其它的很多行为一样，受到各种因素的影响，无论是直接还是间接，都能使阅读行为因人、因时、因地而异。其中，时间是一个重要的因素，不同的时间会影响读者阅读行为的产生。许多考生可以利用电脑做各种事情，但是面对电脑屏幕做一两个小时的托福阅读，就不能集中注意力，很容易分神。当然，我们得承认在一个人际交流手段以及获取信息方式不断丰富的社会，人们的时间利用率反而越来越低，专心致志的做一件事情对于很多人来说似乎是一件不可能的任务。瑞典著名的时间管理专家Staffan Noteberg提出了一套专心管理时间的方法，即“番茄时间管理法(Pomodoro Technique),用以提升个人效率，从而改进工作和学习的流程。

一番茄时间管理法是什么?

通常来说，对待一项要去完成的任务或工作，设定一个固定长度的番茄时间，通常为25分钟，这个时间长度根据心理学的研究，是人类最能高度集中注意力的上限。在托福阅读的训练过程中，也建议把一段练习的时间设为一个番茄时间即25分钟。然后在这个时间内集中注意力的阅读文章并完成后面的题目，中间不允许做任何与阅读无关的事情。时间到后，马上进入休息，再进入下一个番茄时间。之前没有完成的题目也可以放到下一个时间来。这种管理时间的方法以一个固定时间的短期迭代为节奏，帮助大家建立可持续的步伐并培养集中注意力的习惯。

二番茄时间管理法如何操作?

执行此方法的做法很简单，准备一支笔、一张纸、一个计时器以及TPO阅读真题。纸的作用主要是明确列出今天的番茄数目也就是练习的数量，以及可以用来进行文章的笔记。当然，练习数量也不宜太多，3个左右即可。然后，计时器打开，25分钟时间内专心看文章做题，计时时间到适度休息，再进入下一个练习。借助简单的工具我们就能容易的达到提高效率的目的，不用考虑工作方法本身的难题。

三哪些考生适合用番茄时间管理法?

1. 阅读训练时很容易分心做其它事情，做题目的过程中易被微博、微信、电话等外部事件干扰，影响做题的连续性

2. 看文章做题漫无目的没有时间控制，没有目标性，大段的时间一篇文章都没有真正完成，有一种挫败感和焦虑感的考生。对他们来说，采用番茄时间管理法可以逐步的克服这些不良的习惯

四番茄时间管理法的原则

1. 不可分割性。在一篇阅读的训练过程中，没有任何事情是可以影响甚至是可以停止不做题目的，为了维护番茄时间的原则性，为了保证训练的高效，是可以对其它事情“say no”,在练习之前，合理的安排其它事务。

2. 适度休息。每一个番茄时间之后，一定要休息调整，放松大脑，从而保证有充足的精力进入后面的练习。

3. 长期坚持，循序渐进。番茄时间管理法需要一段时间内的长期坚持，偶尔一练没有明显的效果，一旦停止会让原来的不良习惯快速反弹。对于自控力确实差的同学，也可以先尝试5分钟内不被打断干扰，然后逐渐增加时间至25分钟。

由此可见，我们要把重点放到操作执行上，番茄时间管理简单具体，让大家在最佳状态下全速前进，高效的完成托福阅读的训练，长期练习速度和熟练程度就会相应提高，1个小时的阅读考试时间也不再是难以完成的任务。

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篇7：托福阅读提速从优化读文章方式开始

托福阅读提速从优化读文章方式开始 4个提升流畅度技巧分享

优化阅读速度先练词汇基础

托福阅读考试词汇是重要考点。相信不少同学都有这种感觉，在托福备考的过程中，如果认认真真的将一本单词书背诵和理解70-80%，这时候大家就会发现，托福阅读理解并不是一件那么困难的事情。换句话说，词汇水平会直接决定和改变大家的阅读速度。当然，小编需要提醒大家，虽然托福词汇量基础很重要，但是单词的理解还是需要回归到句子中才能彻底看懂的，仅仅纠结单词本身的含义，对于阅读的提升也不会带来很多帮助。

提升语法水平应对长难句

当然，想要快速理解句子中的完整内容，仅仅依靠词汇量的提升还是不够的。在很大部分时间中，我们还是需要靠语法知识准确的理解其中的内容。特别是在文章中一些长难句的理解过程中，考生就需要通过词汇与语法的互相结合，精准定位准确找到答案。小编建议大家在练习托福阅读的同时，也需要找到自己语法知识的弱点加以强化，同时，对于一些长句和复杂句加以反复的练习，找到适合自己的方法。

培养良好的阅读习惯把握敏感词

在托福考试中，托福阅读的时间对于多数同学来说都会是比较紧张的。所以，在托福阅读的训练中养成一个良好的习惯是非常重要的。比如，在托福阅读练习中，尽量避免逐字逐句阅读、出声阅读的方式，这样的方法都会拖延阅读时间。同时，在阅读内容中，我们也需要学会把握住特别敏感的一些词汇。比如逻辑转换关系词，看到(because, so, therefore)应该马上就会联想到因果关系的内容，而(also, furthermore)之后就是递进关系的内容，这样对于自己的阅读速度的提升也会有很大帮助。

了解题型特点针对性阅读

最后，对于托福阅读的来说，全面了解好各种阅读题型的答题方法，也会帮助自己提升答题速度。比如，很多同学在最后一题花费不少时间，但总还最容易丢分。我们也可以利用选项去回想每个分别在前十三道题目中的哪些地方出现过。结合题目做跳板，对应到相应的段落，就无需通篇寻找了。

托福阅读插句题如何解答

1. 在段落之前的空，99%错误率!因为每段的中心容易出现在第一句，如果把第一句改变了，也就改变句意了。但同时请注意【两段式的插句题】，第二个段落前面或第一个段落后面的空反而容易是正确的!

2. 空后有代词this, these, that, those, he, she, they, it, such, each, other, one, another, both, each, anybody, none, some, any….的，一般来说是不对的，缘由是【代词不能跨距!】，如果在代词前面加了一句话，就会改变代词的指代对象。但是也是有例外的，比如该段只有一个主语，其他各句出现连续指代前句，就无法排除后有代词的选项。

3. 插入句中存在指代关系this, these, that, those, he, she, they, it, such, each, other, one, another, both, each, anybody, none, some, any….，一般不选择整段最前面的空!这是根据插入句本身无足轻重的地位决定的，一般不会考核段间承接关系，但【两段式插句题除外】!

4. 优先考虑【段落最后的空】，注意!这里说的是段落最后的，而不是最后一个空!(因为有时候最后一个空在段中)。因为放在最末尾，本身对文章没什么影响，所以，优先考虑这个空!

5. 空后有时间点，例如 In 1832, ….，而本句又不强调事件，一般不做选择，时间一般和前句发生的时间承接较为紧密，不可拆分。

6. 空后出现转折however/ but....、因果Because, as....、递进what's more/ in addition/ first/ second….【90%】高频情况下作为最次要的考虑位置!因为插入句承起不到那么强悍的、连接句间逻辑关系作用的!但经过详细排查位置之后，无奈之下但能对应或前或后的信息，则可放入!

7. 插入句中若出现积极或消极概念，有两种可能，第一、插入句为消极和前句构成转折对立，则前一句存在积极概念;第二、插入句和前句构成递进解释，则前一句为存在消极概念。(课堂大量实例验证为真!这一点会在群95499540和大家开语音课详细讲解，超爽的解题法哦!可以用到细节题、Except题等等其他题型中!)

8. 其他不作为有限考量的位置：举例句前，问句前(注意插入句为问句，一般位于段落末尾空，原因很简单，放段中，影响承接啊!)

9. 插入句中若存在表示“也”的also, as well. too….那么看第一次出现“也”后东东的概念，即为正确!

托福阅读中如何快速抓住文章脉络

主要目的是评估考生对“学术性文章”的理解程度.而从ETS十大题型的设置来看，阅读考试考察的是由最基本的词汇到句子，再到文章逻辑关系以及段落理解，最后还通过小结题和图表题考察对全文的掌握.对于很多考生来说，最后一大题也就是文章小结和表格题最为头疼，因为所要看的内容实在太多，在有限的时间限制之下实在是毫无头绪，只能乱选一气.但其实只要我们搞清楚托福阅读文章常见的结构，完全可以在很短时间内抓住文章脉络拿下最后一道大题.

所有的阅读文章，无论文章背景是什么，结构无非会分为以下几种，《新托福考试官方指南》上把托福文章结构类型大致分为四类：classification(分类)，comparison/contrast(比较)，cause/effect(因果)，problem/solution(问题与解决方法).

Classification指的是文章对某一个大的话题进行分类讨论，这类文章结构非常清晰，能够让我们一目了然.以TPO17的《Symbiotic Relationships》为例，文章讨论的大的话题是symbiotic relationship(共生关系)，然后再第一段就直接写明有3种symbiotic relationships，然后接下来分段论述3种共生关系分别有什么样的特点：paragrph2-3-- parasitism(寄生), paragraph4--commensalism(片利共生), paragraph5--mutualism(互利共生),最后再用很简短的一句话稍作总结.这样的结构对于我们做小结题非常有利，因为summary通常就是把所分的几个小类分别用一个选项概括出来，比如这篇文章的最后一题3个正确选项：Parasitic relationships involve the interplay of aggression by the parasite and resistance and adaptation by the host对应文章第二段讲述parasitism部分的内容;Mutualism is unique among symbiotic relationships in that it benefits both partners involved in the relationship对应文章第五段讲述mutualism部分内容;The rarity of commensal relationships stems from the difficulty of finding relationships that benefit one species without affecting the other对应文章第4段讲述commensalism部分内容.把握住了文章的3种共生关系的主要特点，最后一题也就手到擒来了.

Comparison/contrast指的是文章中含有两种相关事物，将这两种事物在各个方面进行了一系列的比较，其实整体结构类似于上面所说的分类.比较典型的文章例如TPO12的《Water in the desert》，文中主要介绍了沙漠中的水，将其中的河流分为两大类：Endogenous Rivers(内流河)和Exogenous Rivers(外流河)，然后分别论述这两大类的主要特征—内流河起源于沙漠内部，往往来源于地下水，容易干涸;外流河只是途经沙漠，往往是一些比较大的河流等等.在碰到这种类型的文章时，往往最后会出到表格题，需要总结两个比较对象的特征.表格题区别于小结题的一大特点是，选项中包含的细节比较多，不同于小结题的选项高度概括，表格题本质上其实是基于全文的细节题，需要看的内容比较多，所以在前面看文章时需要记好笔记，将文章主要行文结构弄清楚，这两类事物本质区别是什么?分别是在哪些段落讲述了各自的特征?确定好大的框架，最后做题时进行定位不至于慌乱.

Cause/effect又称现象解释型文章，所指的是一篇文章讨论的话题是一个现象，就这个现象的形成原因或是产生的结果花了大量篇幅进行介绍.最为典型的一篇文章就是官方指南《Desert Formation》，文章主要就是在介绍沙漠化形成的各种原因：植被减少，气候干燥，人类活动等等，最后文章小结也就是将这些原因当中比较重要的几点总结出来，所以概括时主要关注每个段落的topic sentence即可. 官方指南《Green Icebergs》，《The Expression of Emotions》以及TPO16的《Trade and Ancient Middle East》等都属于此类文章.

Problem/solution解决方法类文章指的是文章一开头就抛出一个问题，而主题内容是在就这个问题进行探讨给出答案.此类文章最明显的特征就是在开头段背景引入部分会引入问题，然后下面给出几种可能的解释.例如TPO17《Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia》这篇文章，开头段讲东西方人都想要彼此进行贸易，但是苦于陆上交通被阻隔掉了，因此需要海上贸易，可是又存在一系列的问题.接着文章就具体描述存在的问题以及是如何克服掉这些阻碍的：航船的改变，导航仪的改进，海上行为规则的制定等等.主要问题介绍完了整篇文章也就差不多了，而最后的小结题总结出来的三个选项也是跟这些主要问题相关.

在平时做题过程中，考生需要学会对所做的每一篇文章进行总结，快速识别对应的文章类型，可以帮助我们在最短的时间内抓住文章的主要内容，从而提高最后一题的正确率.

托福阅读小结题的答法

Prose Summary 小结题

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

(一个总结性句子已经给出.通过选择三个选项来完成这个总结，所选的选项需要表达原文最重要的信息.有些选项不属于总结性选项，因为他们表达了没在原文中出现的信息或者是原文中的细节信息.此题两分.)通过分析题干给出的具体信息，我们能够看出，这道题目的关键要求在于选择重要信息，总结性信息.也就意味着，有的选项虽然正确，但是如果它表达的是原文中的细节信息，那么依然不能作为正确答案，这是这道题目中最难的一个点.

13-14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

This question is worth 2 points. This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphins.

Answer Choices

1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.

2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.

3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.

4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.

5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.

6. Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in the water.

这是每篇文章最后的一个大题，基于全文的基础进行提问，所以，我们可以根据文章的关键句，先来判断这篇文章的主要内容.以下摘选了文章的每个自然段的关键句，我们一起

来看一下：

THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS

第一自然段：It should be obvious that cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. …

第二自然段：Very exciting discoveries have finally__ allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. …

第三自然段：The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. …

第四自然段：Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. …

第五自然段：An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans (“the walking whale that swam”) lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. …

首先，第一自然段综述关于鲸类动物是哺乳动物的事实，到了第二自然段开始揭示鲸类动物起源的具体细节，说到科学家有一些重要发现，到了第三自然段开始交待第一种化石的名称Pakicetus.第四自然段又提到另外一种化石发现，名字为Basilosaurus，最后一自然段提到第三种化石发现Ambulocetus natans，总结来说，这篇文章通过介绍三个化石来揭示了鲸类的起源.

接下来，我们来看以下选项，首先来看第一个选项：

1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.( 最近的化石发现帮助解释了陆生哺乳动物与鲸类之间的关系)，此选项概括了本文的主要信息，因此可以算作小结题的答案.2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.( 化石Ambulocetus natans 的发现提供了关于鲸及生活在陆地上又生活在海里的依据)，Ambulocetus natans 是本文三个重要化石之一，且在本选项中体现了Ambulocetus natans 化石对于揭示鲸类起源的重要作用，因此算作小总结信息从而作为正确选项.3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.(Basilosaurus 在一个叫做Tethys Sea 的地方被发现，这个地方有很多的化石)，此选项中虽然提到了本文的一个重要化石Basilosaurus，但是并没有陈述Basilosaurus 对于揭示鲸类起源的作用，因此不能算作正确答案.换句话说，只提到Basilosaurus 化石所发现的地点是不足以作为本文的小结信息的.4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.(Pakicetus 是迄今为止发现的最古老的鲸类化石)，此选项也提到了本文中重要化石Pakicetus，但并没有提到Pakicetus 对于揭示鲸类起源的作用，因此不能作为小结题的重要选项.5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between

walking mammals and swimming whales were found.(被认为是陆生哺乳动物与水生鲸类之间的过渡化石被发现)，此选项概括了本文的主要内容，本文的主旨内容即是讲述鲸类原本是陆生哺乳动物的事实，因此，5 是正确选项.6. Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in the water.(Ambulocetus natans 的后腿用来在水中前进)，本选项貌似也提到了重要化石Ambulocetus natans，但是Ambulocetus natans 的后腿用来在水中前进是一个细节信息，因此不能作为正确答案.所以，本题的正确答案为125.

托福阅读提速从优化读文章方式开始

篇8：GRE长篇阅读如何了解文章结构

GRE长篇阅读如何了解文章结构

GRE阅读常见文章结构：问题解答型

考点：问题解答类的文章通常会以问句的形式开始，第一段会提出一个问题或者呈现一个难题，而问题通常是“设问”句。常见的标志词如：problem，difficulty, task, puzzle, challenge, question等词。紧接着会对这一问题进行解答或作出解释，文章围绕这些问题展开讨论分析，并把作者的观点态度贯穿其中。主要考察考生对文章问题的理解以及对所给答案的分析和判断，要求考生有明确的思路和方向。

应对方法：该类文章的大体结构基本可以总结为“提问-解答-表明立场”，考生在读文章的时候一定要把握好文章的基调和作者的评价，善于分析并把握文章的重点，判断作者最想表达的内容。为接下来的作答做好准备。首先，正如上文介绍的，文章一开始就要找出作者提出的文章要讨论的问题。接着，作者会对此给出解答这个问题的重要信息考生对这些信息要进行明确的标注，方便最后的题目解答。最后根据作者对问题作出的回答判断作者的观点和立场，把握文章的主要内容。

GRE阅读常见文章结构：观点对比型

考点：观点对比型的GRE阅读通常会在文章一开始就提出两个或两个以上的观点，并在下文中呈现出对比分析的特点。通过对两个或多个观点的分析比较，间接表现出作者的态度和评价，从而判断文章的主旨和基调。在做题过程中要注意观察作者的态度或评价，因为此类型的文章中通常会有关于作者态度的题目。

应对方法：这类文章主要是考察考生对文章整体的把握程度，对文章结构和内容的分析能力，以及对作者态度评价及逻辑的判断。文章通常围绕新观点展开，明白这一点，就要在平时的练习中多家注意，并养成好的做题习惯，这样才能在考试的时候临危不乱，取得满意的成绩。

GRE阅读常见文章结构：结论说明型

考点：此类型的文章通常会在文章开头给出一个明确的结论，然后在下文中围绕这一结论进行详细论述，通过摆事实和分析论据的方式来证明结论的正确性或可行性。文章的展开通常会以“总-分”的形式来呈现。

应对方法：这类文章一般在首句都会出现一个主题句，即topic sentence，接着下文围绕这一话题展开讨论，并且在讨论的过程中不断抛出论据来证明该结论的正确性。通过对论据的分析考生可以准确判断作者的态度，对接下来的题目练习做好铺垫。考生在平时练习的时候一定要养成分析文章套路的习惯，“养兵千日用兵一时”对提升考生的准确率是非常有效的。

GRE阅读常见文章结构：比较分析型

考点：此类型的文章通常会在文章开头给出两个或两个以上关于新观点的主题句，然后在下文中围绕这一观点进行详细论述和对比分析，并且在对比中会着重凸显作者的态度和观点。下面给大家举例说明一下。

应对方法：同样，此类文章在结构上也会呈现出总-分-总结构，第一段抛出观点之后在接下来的段落中进行针对性的分析，最后一段通常是对比分析后得出的结论汇总。所以在平时做GRE阅读的时候一定要养成分析文章套路的习惯，这样在做题的时候就能做到心中有数，下笔有神。

GRE阅读常见文章结构：现象解释型

考点：顾名思义是对某种自然或社会现象进行分析解释。这类文章在一开始就会描述一种“奇怪”的现象，说它奇怪是因为这种现象发生的频率比较低或者在日常生活中不容易见到，又或者是容易被我们忽略的一些现象。文章的展开也是围绕这一现象进行，首先是对这一现象的描述，然后介绍其产生的原因及所造成的影响，从而间接地表达作者的态度或评价。

应对方法：对于这类文章，考生不仅要对描述的现象有所了解，知道其具体在讲什么，更重的是对该现象的成因解释要理解透彻，明确产生这种现象的真正原因才能在作答时快速准确的从文中找到依据。建议大家在平时的练习中养成剖析文章结构的习惯，这样不仅可以大大提高做题的效率，还能举一反三，考生只要稍作归纳，就可以迅速解题，做到事半功倍

GRE阅读长难句分析

With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .(4+)

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专有名词

译文：随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成(convert into)葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会(部分)传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。

解释：本句中修饰成分极多，以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主，作各种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还好理解，从leaving开始句子变难;leaving引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语;分词中又包含了三个状语，其中的两个via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入语的作用，把be converted into拆成两段。

本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的body fluids, oxidative和resynthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的，lactic acid, metabolism和muscle这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用，大家应该背下来;而glycogen这种东西则没办法，只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住，GRE和GMAT文章中只要出现了这种专有名词，出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的，所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词，应该力求把解释看懂。

意群训练：With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animalvulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .

Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. (难度3)

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词

译文：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来;另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。

解释：介词from的宾语有两个并列的部分，由and所连接，在and之后的第二个from前，省略了前面一样的谓语动词derive。本句之所以难，有两个原因，一是derived from 后面的成分太长，初学者难以一下子看下来;二是作为一篇文科文章，用词抽象，难以迅速理解。

意群训练：Hardy's weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones.

GRE阅读长难句分析

(This is) A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower . (5++)复杂+倒装+省略;

(这是一种)照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。

解释：本句子的难度在一切GRE、GMAT包括LSAT考试中所出现的难句中堪称登峰造极，可以确定地讲，类似此句子的难度的语言，在计算机考试的现场绝无可能出现。如果对此句话不感兴趣，可以把其废掉不读。

A、这句话读起来别扭的第一个原因，是因为它根本就不是一个句子。句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。

B、desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后，正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light的，而是修饰一开始的desire的。

C、第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是that might never be given away，倒装后系动词was被提前，given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to B，是A让位于B，而A be given way to B，则是A取代B。on the part of 之后的部分修饰后面的desire，what引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词。What从句中的不定式to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装，正常语序应该是to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely。

D、就算能够看懂这句话的结构，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是，哈代(注：人名老的冲动是一种简单的、说明现实的欲望，新冲动是一种即是小说家又像科学家的仔细研究一个东西的特点那样的欲望(新冲动)，前一种欲望是永远也不能取代后者的。

意群训练：(This is) A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower.

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词

GRE

篇9：GRE阅读真题文章分析结构提速方法

GRE阅读真题文章分析结构提速方法

大多数GRE阅读提速和解题技巧缺乏普遍适用性

有形形色色的阅读理论，声称能够达到GRE的目的。评价这些阅读理论的标准，首先应该来自GRE阅读考试的要求。这要求简单不过，要求15分钟左右读完答完一长三短4篇文章的内容和题目。在这个要求下，精读显然不行，虽然如果时间足够长，可以保证做对细节题。泛读如何?泛读就是大致看看，但GRE题目有时考到段落或文章整体结构，这哪里是随便浏览就可以掌握的?人们也总结过很多阅读技巧。它们固然可以帮助读者有效的缩小阅读量，甚至鼓励人完全忽视掉那些专业的细节，但这些技巧存在有共同的问题：只对讲解员所讲到的有限的文章适用。改进阅读提速的办法是发明不同的技巧去对应所有文章。理论上可行，但在实践上会给考生留下问题：他们不容易知道何时该使用哪些技巧。技巧越多，就越具特殊性，杂多技巧的组合只会让人感到混乱。另一方面，做题的技巧倒是非常实用，不过，运用做题技巧的基本条件是知道题目考察的是文章的哪个位置;位置的确定也许不能只靠单纯阅读技巧来碰运气。GRE文章是论证性文字，不是说明性文字，如电视机的说明书和校园简介，也不是叙述性文字，如长篇小说和短篇小说。GRE题目也总是以考论证结构为主。例如，考主题和态度(包括写法型EXCEPT，考负评价的取非，从否定角度考核心内容的一般的EXCEPT);考特殊论证内容，如让步、对比;考句子在段落中的作用(in order to);考有哪些论据(论据列举);考论据中的特殊形式(泛指化)。

GRE阅读提速根本在于学会分析文章结构

由此可以看出分析文章的结构是很重要的一步。分析结构是一种研究式的学习，在其要求下，我们的阅读方法是结构化阅读。论证性文字一定是以论证为特点，这特点及于文章的各个层面：篇章-段落-句子-单词。篇章由多个论点组成，论点由作为论据的句子构成，句子本身的典型构成是前后场由表示论证关系的词汇连接，体现论证的意义的单词最重要。要真懂得文章，必须把所有那些表现论证的字词句抓出，而这却恰好是过去所有阅读方法都忽略的。关联词和广义的关联成分，经过GRE的反复宣传，已经获得众所周知的重要性，在此不论。但是，单纯的关联词也可能组成没有新鲜内容的堆砌文章，于是内容上的关联成为必要，这靠论证形式，也就是，我们要看一个论点是如何展开的，或说文章是如何结构或论证的。对一个论点而言，论证的方式是分角度;但不是所有论点都可以分角度，那些不容易分角度的，论点按照其自身潜在包含的内容展开，由此有差异、正、反三类关系，每种关系的论证都相对模式化。这样，我们就可以懂得文章每句话在论证上的作用，无须完全依赖对文章各句所涉专业知识的了解。下面以例为证。

GRE阅读真题实例讲解结构分析方法技巧

Paule Marshall“s Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman”s search for identity within the context of a Black community. But Marshall extended the analysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by depicting her heroine“s development in terms of the relationship between her Barbadian American parents, and by exploring how male and female roles were defined by their immigrant culture, which in turn was influenced by the materialism of White America. By placing characters within a wider cultural context, Marshall attacked racial and sexual stereotypes and paved the way for explorations of race, class, and gender in the novels of the 1970”s.该文共5句。

第一句说PM的书是里程碑，这是一个出现在段落前场的正评价，就是文章的主题。下面就是要展开这个主题。为此并不需要知道它是什么方面的里程碑，因为就其是里程碑而言，肯定是与前，也与后比较，才有这个地位，所以单讲这本书本身是不够的。这是它本身在内容上所蕴涵的，后面必须把它展开。于是，文章后面内容一定先讲她之前如何，再讲她本身如何，最后讲她之后如何。内容上看就是，此前文字的模式，她的改变，她的影响。这个思考过程，开始可以花费时间，但一旦想到，对所有写里程碑式意义的段落，其论证模式都是如此，我们就可以明白，结构模式，不依赖在这个结构下得到论述的种.种题材，原来是可以帮助我们预测下文的。此外，此句考主题题。

第二句一开始并没有直接说她之前如何，却说她避免了什么。而其所避免的内容，在上句的语境约束下，不可能是别的，只能是她之前的模式。也许 oppressed and tragic heroine不足以让人马上断定它就是此前小说俗套，但that之后跟出的内容，明确的告诉我们，这是典型情况(had been typical of)，也就说是此前的模式，而且时间也交代了，是the early twentieth century。That从句看似补充说明，其实对这个句子至关重要。它作为该句的后场，体现核心的内容，这是一个例子，说明单纯从语法上来判断一个成分是否重要的做法是有局限的，而考虑论证的语法即论证性语法分类则重要，其核心是前后场中心词以及起连接作用的论证性词汇。

第三句容易把握，这是因为一打头即讲相同(Like her immediate predecessors)。我们不关注里面的具体内容，虽然可能考题目，也确实考到这道题，因为它也是特殊语言(比较)，但是，即使现在看得很懂，做题时仍然不能完全凭借印象，因为选项正是在名词短语上故意设置陷阱(该题正是如此)，因此必须把答案和原文内容仔细对照。在读文章时，只要知道它在讲相同，做题时能够快速定位至此就可以。而且，从这句可以预测后面一定还要讲不同点。一个体现里程碑的著作，不可能总是模仿前人，而必须有自己的独创之处，这从逻辑上规定下一句应该写什么。

第四句以But开始，显然讲不同。这不同点在于她进一步有所拓展(extend)。后面以两个方式状语从句(by depicting, and by exploring)说明她如何能够拓展。这两个by doing是否重要呢?一，它们是并列结构(and);二，它们都是细节内容，处理的方法和对上句到底如何相同一样，都是先可不用字斟句酌，到考题时才回头看也不迟，事实上，后来没有考这里，这说明，有些细节是不用仔细理解的，我们先且把所有细节都快速读过，不加深究，然后在考到细节时再看，那时看的只是全部细节中的一小部分，由此可以节约时间，把更多的精力放在比较选项相对于原文内容的差别上。这就要求，必须纯熟的掌握结构，才能为做题空出更多时间。所以，结构分析是做题的前提条件。事实上，此句后来考题，问作者提到那些方式(way)是为了做什么，典型的in order to 题型。注意它的考法，不去问by doing 里面的具体内容，而问by doing 为什么写。答案当然是说为了说明Marshall如何扩展。答案是这句的前场中心内容，其实也是全文用以具体说明Marshall的一个实质性内容。

第五句也是最后一句，又以方式状语开始，那是次要的，中心内容在attacked … stereotypes and paved the way。既然铺垫道路，那当然就是对后世有影响，是对70年代有影响。此句也考题，比较容易处理。希望从本文开始的抽象论述到文章分析的具体论述中，读者可以大致了解，结构化阅读分析的本质和它的运用的益处：我们没有精读，没有泛读，也没有诉诸技巧，而只是问，这个文章各句以及每句各部分怎么组织起来来论证论点，由此就拆解了该文的结构，并顺带分析了所考的四道题目

GRE阅读倒装句的解读

倒装句的产生是为了平衡句子结构，或者是为了强调句子的某一部分特意将其提前，让其放置在引人注目的首要地方。倒装结构可分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。而主谓倒装又可分为完全倒装和部分倒装，完全倒装顾名思义指整个谓语全部放在主语的前面，而部分倒装通常指只将谓语的一部分，通常是助动词，系动词或情态动词放置于主语之前。

From each of books goes out its own voice,as inaudible as the streams of sound conveyed by electric waves beyond the range of our hearing,and just as the touch of a button on our stereo will fill the room with music,so by opening one of these volumes,one can call into range a voice far distant in time and space,and hear it speaking,mind to mind,heart to heart.

句子解析：From each of books goes out its own voice这是一个完全的倒装句其正常的语序是its own voice goes out from each of books,而as…as引导的部分用于修饰its own voice.

句子翻译：每本书发出好像无线电波传出的声音，由于超出我们的听觉范围而无法听见;正如我们按一下立体音响上的按钮，整个房间立即回荡着乐曲声一样，我们翻阅其中一本书就仿佛步入了一个遥远时空的音域。我们听见一个声音在侃侃而谈，那么倾心，那么坦诚。

GRE阅读不同文章的解法

(一)写作文体的特性：

新GRE阅读文章只有一类文体，那就是议论文，这是因为写这些GRE文章的人都是些思想家、教育家、哲学家或是科学家，所以他们不可能言之无物，写的东西当然是要表达出自己的观点和态度。不过我们可以将其写作手法做进一步的细分，可以分为以下两大类：

(1) Presentation

定义：作者阐释说明自己的观点、方法或主张。

(2)Argumentation

定义：作者对别人的观点、方法或主张进行评论，如果持反对意见，就会进一步给出自己的方法、观点和主张。

(二)题材选择的特性：

新GRE阅读文章的选材是十分广泛几乎覆盖美国高等院校开设的所有课程涉及的学科，包括政治、历史、人类学、教育、地理、法律、人物传记、医学、生理学、物理、化学、数学、天文、气象、生物、昆虫、植物、动物、微生物等等。但归纳起来可以分为以下四类：

(1) 文学评论类(文科类)

(2) 社会科学类(文科类)

(3) 生命科学类(理科类)

(4) 其它自然科学类(理科类)

了解题材选择特性的用处：

当然了解如此的分类方法对我们研究GRE阅读是没有什么直接帮助的。但是对GRE阅读题材进行这样的分类，有助于我们分析自己到底对哪类文章特别地发怵，也就是说由于我们每个人所学的专业不同，所从事的工作不同，平时各自的英语阅读爱好取向也不同，这就造成了我们必然对其中某些类的文章感觉读起来不是那么顺畅。面对这样的问题，我们就可以根据这样的分类，有针对性地选择那些自己不是很熟悉的题材来进行短期突破性的大量阅读，增加对此类文章的语感。

英语阅读

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