实例讲解如何快速猜测托福阅读段落大意
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篇1:实例讲解如何快速猜测托福阅读段落大意
实用托福阅读技巧丨实例讲解如何快速猜测阅读段落大意
托福阅读技巧:如何猜测段落大意
托福阅读中包含着大量陌生词汇,有些考生一遇见这些不认识的词汇就懵了,不仅心慌意乱,连平常很熟悉的词汇也认不出来了。其实,大家对这种情况应该有个心理准备,如果遇到陌生词汇,无关文意就不要理会,如果和文意有关,我们就需要猜测一下它要表达的意思了。
实例讲解
Cancer Recovery
A 32-year-old woman in Belgium has become the first woman ever to give birth after having ovarian tissue removed, frozen and then implanted back in her body. The patient had the tissue removed in in hopes of preserving her fertility because she had Hodgkin's lymphoma, a type of cancer, and was about to undergo chemotherapy with drugs likely to damage her ovaries and cause infertility. She and her doctors hoped that once she was cured, the ovarian tissue could be thawed and returned to her abdomen to produce eggs.
文中的一些生词,如:ovarian tissue, fertility, Hodgkin's lymphoma, chemotherapy, thawed, abdomen(如果它们是生词的话)会妨碍我们对段落大义的理解,但我们熟悉的“give birth, produce eggs”告诉我们本段落所叙述的内容与妇女生育有关,而且我们还可以判断出这是一例不同寻常的生育,因为removed(摘除)、frozen(冷冻)、implanted(移植)、returned(放回)等这些关键词向我们显示了这样一个关键信息。从第二句得知,这位病人摘除的ovarian tissue是希望能保护她的fertility.后一句又说,先前摘除的ovarian tissue移植回去后可以produce eggs;再从生活常识中得知,能使妇女产卵生育的器官是卵巢。这样,综合起来我们就推测出了ovarian的意义是“卵巢”、fertility的意义是“生育能力”。而至于这位妇女得的什么癌症(Hodgkin's lymphoma)我们可以忽略不计,只要抓住“治疗这种疾病的药物会导致'不育'”这一主要信息即可(第二句后半句)。至此,我们可以大胆地推测本段的核心大意:文中提到的比利时妇女患有癌症(lymphoma淋巴),而化疗这种癌症的药物会引起不育(infertility);为保护她的生育能力(fertility),治疗前,医生摘除了她的卵巢(ovarian)冷冻起来,待疾病治好。
托福阅读成绩不稳定怎么办
换句话说,我们既要看多篇文章的平均错误率,同时也要看连续3篇文章波动的幅度,只有总是波动幅度很大的,才是我们的文章要解决的。如果你一直都是错2-3个,然后突然一篇文章错7-8个,那是你状态不好,其实你是很幸福的,只是偶尔喝凉水塞一下牙,别介意。
如果看到这里,你仍然确定自己的托福阅读成绩不是喝凉水塞牙,同时也不是回光返照的话,那么你就应该读完这篇文章了。
其实在托福阅读试题里面,考察的重点在于3个层面,第一是单词,第二是语法,第三是综合的细致性的理解。这里很显然,在后面两个层面,也就是语法和综合理解,其实人的波动是很小的,换句话说,也就是在不同的文章之间语法和综合理解的侧重点变化不大,同时人的能力也是变化不大的,相应的,对分数的影响也是很小的。
因此,当我们排除了这两点之后,我们很容易就会得到我们的结论,那就是我们的托福阅读词汇量有问题!你单词的基础一定是不扎实的,否则也不会成绩有很大的波动。换句话说,哪怕你的语法再牛,当都是一堆不认识的单词的时候,这个题也没什么可做的,只有一个结果,就是错错错!
那怎么解决呢?是要把能看到的单词书都背了么?其实也不用,如果你真的能30%-50%都能错3-4个的时候,其实你的最基础的4级单词也是不用背的,只需要背托福单词,完全就够了。
当然这里还有一个很多考友都会提出的问题,就是到底用不用背专业词汇。说实话,这有点不太好衡量,不太好衡量的核心就是在于,这些词汇到底要专业到什么程度。其实对专业词汇来说,比如说地壳、板块、钙、原子、脊椎、动物这样的词,这都是托福考试的常考词汇了,其实在绝大多数托福单词书里都该收录的。
但是如果更深入一些的托福阅读词汇,比如说三磷酸腺苷,大黄蜂这样的词汇则是没有必要背的,因为哪怕在考试中出现,也不会当作一个重要的内容进行考察。因为托福考试毕竟是一个语言考试,又不是一个专业课考试。但是如果你仍然觉得想补一下专业词汇的话,可以去背这个专业分类词汇,这都是筛选好了的词汇。词汇的提升没我们想的那么慢,托福阅读成绩,很多时候其实也没我们想的那么急。
托福阅读中的细节题剖析
托福阅读中的细节题其实不难,但前提是定位的点要对,比如下面这个例题:
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
这是一个典型的细节题,在该题题干中,有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位,因为它是专有名词,在文中会比较显眼。但是如果一旦选择了这个地名,势必会定位在该段的第一句话,托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案,这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的,因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应该是white-tailed deer,这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的,按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符,B和C都与定位句信息无关。我们再来看另外一个否定事实细节题的例子:
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities
A. They occur at the end of a succession.
B. They last longer than any other type of community.
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位,但在定位过程中会出现很多问题。首先考生要学会跳跃式定位,即根据文章中特殊的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜索我们真正需要的关键词。文中的particular是加了阴影的,succession是在引号里面的,都非常醒目,通过看这两个词我们会发现它们附近没有我们需要的东西;再比较突出的就是数字及破折号,在500的上方有a climax community,但它是单数,与题干关键词不完全匹配,细节题讲究的是精确定位,所以我们应该选择500斜下方的Climax communities,即该段的最后一句话。否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种:一是无中生有,即根据定位点的内容,四个选项只有一个没有提到,这种思路多适用于选项比较简短的题目;二是张冠李戴,即根据定位点的内容表述,只有一个选项与之矛盾,这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目。就这个例题而言,根据定位的最后一句话,从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项,D项的意思与原句相符,而C项与原句矛盾,所以正确答案是C。
托福阅读提高理解能力的不二法门
从某种意义上来讲,你积累的英语词汇量的多少,影响着你在托福考试中取得的成绩。如果说你具备的词汇量达不到最基本的要求,即使你的语言能力再强也过不了托福难关。之所以说词汇量的重要性,想必就算小编不加以强调,大家也都会很清楚。
试想一下,如果你掌握的托福阅读词汇量不够多,当看见一个完整的句子时,你觉得你可能将整个句子要表达的意思理解清楚吗?所以说,想要训练阅读能力首先就要从词汇量上下手,只有掌握足够多的词汇后,你才具备他警告阅读能力的最低标准。
阅读大量英语文章增加知识面
考生可以利用业余时间丰富自己的知识面,对各国或各地区等相关文化及常识有一定了解后,在参加托福阅读考试时,当阅读到自己有所了解的东西后,解题试题时就会比较有自信和感觉,不会因为自己的不了解或是不清楚,对文章要说的东西特别盲目。
相信每一位考生在解答试题时,如果阅读到自己熟悉的文章后,解答试题时也会比较轻松和容易,答题的准确率自然而然的也就会有所上升。
无需阅读通篇文章
考生在解答托福阅读试题时往往会存在一定的误区,认为想要解答试题必须要阅读整片文章。小编在这提醒各位,这种理念是错误的。阅读文章的做种目的还不就是为了解答试题?只要能够准确的解答试题,不完全阅读文章页是可以的,有没有人会问你,全篇文章的详细内容,所以说,阅读时要秉着做题去阅读,而不是为了阅读而去阅读。
考生解答阅读试题时,可以先看题干,对所要提出的问题有了一定的了解后,带着问题再去阅读文章,这样做在阅读时就会有着重点,针对性强,解答也比较容易,只要找到题干的大概范围,很轻松就可以选出想要的选项了。同时,也减少了大量的阅读时间,为你的托福阅读考试赢回不少时间,可以用这部分时间去解答其他较难的试题。
篇2:托福阅读文章段落精读技巧实例讲解
托福阅读备考为何要做段落精读?
精读段落可以帮助考生了解托福阅读文章段落的结构规律,捕捉含特殊逻辑关系的结构的可能出题点。
篇3:托福阅读文章段落精读技巧实例讲解
1. 快速找出并理解段落中心句
段落精读的第一个要点就是要快速找出并理解各段落的中心句。如果是首段,一般关注它的首句或尾句;如果是中间段,一般也是阅读首尾句,但也可能会出现“非常规”的情况,即中心句在段落的中间出现。以下面这个段落为例。
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger? (官方指南OG “The Expression of Emotions”)
乍一看,你会觉得本段落的中心句就是第一句,其实第一句只是交代了一个普遍的(generally)看法,第二句是基于这个看法作进一步的解释(in fact)。而真正的中心句应该是第三句(由however引出),它提出了另一个新的看法,叫“面部反馈的假设”,这个新的看法才是本段接着要展开的重点对象。大家在精读段落时,应该特别留意类似“非常规”的情况,充分理解这种段落的写作逻辑。
2. 关注段落中逻辑关系词结构
段落精读的第二个要点就是关注段落中含逻辑关系词的结构,比如转折结构、因果结构、平行结构、连续列举结构等,这些结构往往都是托福阅读考试的出题点。笔者建议考生在精读时用记号标出这些结构的信号词,对其前后的文字加以研读,并与后面的题目进行对照,摸索阅读出题的规律。这里以“转折结构”为例作为示范。
According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom. Unfortunately, the few scientific investigations of yawning have failed to find any connection between how often someone yawns and how much sleep they have had or how tired they are. About the closest any research has come to supporting the tiredness theory is to confirm that adults yawn more often on weekdays than at weekends, and that school children yawn more frequently in their first year at primary school than they do in kindergarten. (官方模考真题18 “The Mystery of Yawning”)
考生在精读本段落时,要特别注意本段中的Unfortunately,它是转折的信号词之一,引起了前后信息的转折,后面的句子对本段开头的传统理论(conventional theory)作出了反驳,意思是“但遗憾的是,关于打哈欠的仅有的几项科学研究并没有找到打哈欠的频率与个人睡眠时长或者疲劳程度之间的任何关联。”考生可以划出这个转折结构的句子,然后再跟后面的题目进行对照,看看是否针对这句话出题。对照之后,考生会发现有一道事实信息题与这句话有密切的关系。之后,考生还可以在脑海里再回忆下转折结构的信号词除了unfortunately还有哪些,比如还有but、however、yet、nevertheless、while、whereas等,以后读段落或做题时可以多注意这些地方。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:literature of the Sumerians...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
The literature of the Sumerians was treasured throughout the Near East, and long after Sumerian ceased to be spoken, the Babylonians and Assyrians and others kept it alive as a literary language, the way Europeans kept Latin alive after the fall of Rome.
结构分析:
并列复合句。
句子分析:
句1: The literature of the Sumerians was treasured throughout the Near East, The literature为主语 of the Sumerians为定语, was treasured 谓语,throughout the Near East 状语。
本部分意思:在整个近东地区, 苏美尔人的文学都受到珍视.
句2:and long after Sumerian ceased to be spoken, the Babylonians and Assyrians and others kept it alive as a literary language, the way Europeans kept Latin alive after the fall of Rome. 句2结构为状语从句+主句。after引导的状语从句中,Sumerian为主语,ceased to be spoken为谓语。
主句中,the Babylonians and Assyrians and others 主语, kept谓语, it宾语,alive 宾补, as a literary language也为宾补. the way 引出状语从句,其中,Europeans 主语,kept 谓语, Latin宾语,alive 宾补,after the fall of Rome状语。
本部分意思:在苏美尔语停止运用很长时间之后,巴比伦人,亚述人和其他人让它作为一种文学语言使它存活,就像罗马衰落以后,欧洲人把拉丁语保存下来那样。
参考翻译:
在近东地区, 苏美尔人的文学是受到珍视的,在苏美尔语停止运用很长时间之后,巴比伦人,亚述人和其他人让它作为一种文学语言使它存活,就像罗马衰落以后,欧洲人把拉丁语保存下来那样。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:In the near-surface layers...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
In the near-surface layers, there are many large, fast carnivores as well as an immense variety of planktonic animals, which feed on plankton (small, free-floating plants or animals) by filtering them from currents of water that pass through a specialized anatomical structure.
结构分析:
复合句,主句中包含which和that引导的定语从句。
句子分析:
In the near-surface layers 状语, 主句为there be 句型,many large, fast carnivores as well as an immense variety of planktonic animals 是主语。
本部分的意思:在近表面层,有很多大型的,移动速度快的食肉动物以及大量的浮游动物,
which引导的从句中,which充当主语,修饰之前所提及的动物们,从句中feed on 是谓语。planktton 宾语,括号当中的内容对planktton进行解释说明。
本部分意思: 他们以浮游生物为食(小的,自由漂浮的植物或动物)。
by filtering them from currents of water 方式状语,说明如何吃这些浮游生物。that引导的从句中,that 充当主语,修饰water, 从句中 pass through 是谓语, a specialized anatomical structure 宾语。
本部分的意思:通过一个专门的内部组织。本部分的意思: 依靠流经体内结构的水流将浮游生物过滤出来。
参考翻译:
在近表面层,有很多大型的,移动速度快的食肉动物以及大量的浮游动物,他们以浮游生物为食(小的,自由漂浮的植物或动物), 依靠流经体内结构的水流将浮游生物过滤出来。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:change from redistribution...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
The change from redistribution to formal trade—often based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currency—was closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world.
结构分析:
复合句,在插入语中含有that引导的定语从句。
句子分析:
The change from redistribution to formal trade,the change主语,from redistribution to formal trade,定语。本部分意思:从再分配到正式贸易的变化。
was closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world中,was closely tied to….and hence to 谓语(后面hence to,也受tied管制),growing political and social complexity,宾语,同时the development 也是宾语,of the state in the ancient world 定语部分。本部分意思:与政治和社会复杂性以及古代世界国家的发展有密切联系。
插入语often based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currency中,based on regulated commerce, 定语修饰formal trade, that 定语从句,修饰commerce,that充当主语,involved 谓语,fixed prices and even currency, 宾语。本部分意思:正式贸易通常是基于受调控的贸易,这种贸易涉及固定的价格甚至货币。
参考翻译:
从再分配到正式贸易的变化与政治和社会复杂性以及古代世界国家的发展有密切联系(正式贸易通常是基于受调控的贸易,这种贸易涉及固定的价格甚至货币。)
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