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CET-4阅读中的长难句分析

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CET-4阅读中的长难句分析

篇1：CET-4阅读中的长难句分析

CET-4阅读中的长难句分析

纵观大学英语四级考试历年试题,可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。不难理解,命题者在句子难度上大做文章,无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式,从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。本文结合历年真题,将其归类并逐一加以分析。

一、复合从句

这些句子往往较长,一个从句套着另一个从句,环环相扣,使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实,不管句子有多长多复杂,它只由两部分构成,即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架,主要指主谓宾结构(如:I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如:The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用,它既可以是单词,也可以是短语,更常见的则是从句,尤其是定语从句和状语从句。这些从句都很常见,考生比较熟悉,但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。

这时,考生应通过仔细分析,将每个修饰成分划出来,找出句子的主干,这样整个句子结构就清晰了

.1 CET-4 Passage 4

Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material. 回收利用不但可以创造就业机会,来促进当地经济的发展,还可以控制污染,并通过为工业提供更好的原材料来降低制造再生产品的工业部门的能源成本。

在这个句子中,主句有两个并列的谓语动词stimulates和trims,而且,trims有两个并列的宾语pollution control和energy costs, that引导的定语从句修饰industries一词。

1995.6 CET-4 Passage 4

Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative over long period of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his life time. 负责公众健康的官员已经指出,化学药品的生理影响会经过较长的时间积累下来,而它对人体的危害性则取决于一生中与其接触量的多少。

这里,pointed out后面接两个that引导的宾语从句;received throughout his life time为过去分词结构作exposures的'定语。

二、分隔结构

为了调整语气和增加补充信息,更主要的是为了平衡句子结构,避免头重脚轻,使语义严密,结构紧凑,而将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来,这就是所谓的分隔结构(discontinuous structure)。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外,还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置,也可以看作是插入现象,只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整,没有新增信息。

1991.6 CET-4 Passage 3

The sight of Barney Clark-alive and conscious after trading his diseased heart for a metal-and-plastic pump-convinced the press, the public and many doctors that the future had arrived. 发生在巴尼・克拉克身上的奇迹--在用金属与塑料制造的泵替换下他原来那颗不健康的心脏之后,他依然活着,而且神志清醒--令新闻界、公众和众多医生都深信不疑未来已经到来。

句中两个破折号中间的内容是个插入语,起补充说明的作用,用来解释the sight of Barney Clark。

2001.1 CET-4 Passage 2

篇2：考研英语复习：阅读中长难句三种句型

考研英语复习：阅读中长难句三种句型

做好考研英语阅读需要五方面能力：词义辨析能力、长难句分析能力、逻辑思维能力、篇章分析能力和题型分析能力。如果你能够具备词义辨析能力、长难句分析能力的话，对后面的复习将会大有帮助。在研究真题的过程中同学们应该经常背诵一些结构优美的句子，这对作文水平的提高会有很大帮助。

从近几年的考查趋势可以看出，考研英语越来越注重对考生英语基本能力的考查，而考研语法则是构成这种基本能力的一个基石。考研阅读理解文章的特点是各种复杂的长难句型遍布在文章的各个角落，如果没有扎实的句型知识基础，就会给做题带来很大的困难。所以，为了让你的阅读在日后有质的突破，为了能把做题的方法和技巧更好地应用到做题当中去，请你务必沉下心来，了解一下考研阅读中的长、难句真相。明白了这一真相，你才不会在日后的做题中一筹莫展，而是万分从容。

在此，通过全方位把握考研阅读的文章内容，我们英语教研室杨凤芝老师把考研阅读中的句型，从宏观的角度分为以下三类：短而难的句子、虚假的长难句、真正的长难句。接下来我们逐个分析。

◎短而难的句子

首先我们看一下什么是短而难的句子。这些句子一般都是约定俗成的谚语，是广大人民群众智慧的结晶。既然是结晶，意思表达就会较抽象，难以快速把握，需要我们结合具体语境进行深层的把握。同学们看这一句: it never rains, but pours.这是第四篇阅读理解的第一句话，相当于文章的题眼，其字面意思很简单：“从来不下雨，但是下倾盆大雨。”很明显，这不是一句“人类”能识别的汉语，倾盆大雨不是雨吗?那样翻译肯定不行。其实这句话是英语中很有名的谚语：“不雨则已，一雨倾盆”，“不鸣则已，一鸣惊人”。如果描述的是坏事，同学们可以借鉴第一种译法，类似于“祸不单行”的意思;如果是好事，同学们可以借鉴第二种，就是一鸣惊人。同样的表达在考研英语的阅读文章及题目中经常出现，如第一篇文章最后一题四个选项都是谚语： [A] “It's no use crying over spilt milk”(覆水难收);[B] “More haste, less speed”(欲速则不达);[C] “Look before you leap”(三思而后行);[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”(笑到最后的人笑得最好)。 20第一篇阅读理解最后一题的四个选项也都是谚语：[A]Faith will move mountains(精诚所至，金石为开);[B] One reap what he sows(种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆);[C]Practice make perfect(熟能生巧);[D]Like father, like son(有其父必有其子)。无一例外的，这两道题都是以文章的主旨题形式出现的，由此可见谚语在考研中的重要性。其实，这类表达考查的基本上就是同学们英语语言的.积累，没有相应的积累，很难将它理解到位。但是有的时候积累只是基础，还要会灵活运用。我们看一下这句话“no pains, no gains”的意思，地球人都知道是不是?但是19的第二篇阅读的开头是这样使用的这句话：“No pains, no gains. What about pains without gains?”意思是：一分耕耘一分收获。但是如果只有耕耘没有收获呢?暗示下文的美国商界的产业结构调整做的全部是无用功。

那么我们怎么应对这类难句呢?积累。考研单词书上有很多这类句子，但是不少同学见到这类句子，总是绕着走，不去记。其实这些东西比单词好记，记单词的时候顺便记一下就可以。此外，这里需要告诫同学们一点：记忆日常表达中经常使用的谚语对写作也会有非常大的帮助，谚语会成为提升作文语言水平的亮点。但是切忌在写作时胡编乱造。我见一个学生在考研作文中写过一个这样的句子：As one old saying goes, one arrow, two birds.很明显这位同学是想表达“一石二鸟”之意，但是这句话有特定的表达，不能随意编造。“Kill two birds with one stone.”才是正确的表达。还有经常威胁人用的“give you a little color to see see.”这类胡编乱造、让阅卷老师先是迷惑而后震怒的表达，千万不要出现在你的试卷上，你那不是拿自己的命运开玩笑吗?即使阅卷老师不能记住每个谚语，以他们的英语修养也可以很快地判断出你这个表达符不符合英语表达习惯。所以同学们一定要踏踏实实地复习，别想着投机取巧。

◎虚假长难句

这类句型的特点是，插入成分较多，第一眼看上去绝对让你头晕眼花，不知所措。但其实只要去掉那些虚伪的修饰，这个句子“犹抱琵琶半遮面”的神秘感就荡然无存，句子的结构也就立刻清晰了。那这些虚伪的成分到底是什么呢?就让我们通过几个极具代表性的例子来看一下吧。

Although warnings are often appropriate and necessary――the dangers of drug interaction, for example―― and many are required by state and government, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

一眼扫视之后，发现这个句子挺长的，而且有两个破折号。两个破折号，或是两个逗号之间的内容往往是插入语的成分，这种成分的特点就是拎出来之后不影响句子的结构，并且在考研阅读文章中，这样的成分又往往不是文中的重点信息，所以应该直接跳过对其采取不予理睬的策略。好，句子现在变成了：Although warnings are often appropriate and necessary and many are required by state and government, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

这样一看句子就变成了Although……，it isn’t clear that……，这样一个主语从句型结构。

这个句子在阅读的过程中，可以再次简化，因为Although 引导的让步状语从句在阅读中并不是重点信息，所以我们的目光就可以聚焦到it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

此句型结构是一个形式主语从句的结构，形容词clear对应的主语其实是that引导的内容，在这个从句中我们又发现了一个引导词if，这个if 引导的从句包含在that 从句当中。

接下来，我们再仔细看that从句中的内容是“they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured”在这个从句当中if 所引导的从句是一个条件状语从句。

通过这样分析，句子在层层简化之后就变得非常清晰了。这类句子往往长而不难，原因在于，要么包含了although引导的一个长长的从句，要么就是诸如头衔、身份、或职位的专有名词较多，而这些信息在阅读解题时并不是重要的信息，所以我们一旦遇到这种情况就可以迅速绕过，直击核心信息。

◎真正的长难句

虚假的长难句可以说是只长不难，句子的主干结构很容易抓住，虚伪信息容易剔除;而考研长难句中，还有一部分是从句嵌套严重所致结构更加复杂的句型，这种句子的理解难度就会空前地加大。如果把那些虚假长难句比喻成武术中的容易被破解没什么杀伤力的“花把势”，那接下来讲的真正的长难句就是内外兼修的武林高手了。我们来见识一下吧。

先来看一个例子：

When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.

这是阅读理解第三篇的第一句话，总共46个单词，是典型的长难句。但是核心信息就只是其中的12个单词，考点也是这12个单词。那么我们该如何去锁定这个核心信息呢?首先把修饰成分(从句等)一一剥离，剩下的就是句子的主要信息。先找连词，宏观上区分主干部分和修饰部分。看到从属连词when一直到逗号之前只有一个谓语动词，可知逗号前就是一个从句，when状语从句，判定为修饰成分，暂时不看。再往后，看到however，引导让步状语从句，意为“无论，不管(多么……)”。也许有同学会问，我怎么就知道however是引导从句，还是仅仅表示两个句子之间的转折呢?其实，很好区分。如果however后面有逗号的话，就是单纯地表示前后句的转折，否定前半句话;如果没有逗号的话，尤其是后面跟的是形容词或副词时(如本句)，那么引导的就是让步状语从句，即这句话就不是主要信息了，在阅读理解中可以绕过。到这里，这个句子就剩下：It is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal。那么，你会发现for后面跟的是一个完整的句子，句中有自己的谓语动词，也就是说，在这里for引导的是原因状语从句，也是修饰部分。本句中从句嵌套严重，其中最难判断的从句就是for引导的原因状语从句，那么在以后的做题过程中，如何更好地把握呢?只要记住一条：for后面如果跟的是名词或名词性成分，那么它就是介词;如果后面跟的是有主

篇3：阅读中如何分析长难句

近几年来，英语教学对阅读能力的要求越来越高，除了阅读量加大，词汇、语法知识要求提高外，更为突出的是阅读材料中难句增多。而难句又难在句子结构复杂、修饰语叠缀且信息容量大，是一些并列句、复合句或多种形式的定语、状语、插入语。有时一句话占几行，甚至是一个段落。如果对句法掌握不好或没养成理清复杂句子结构的习惯，对阅读文章中的长难句就会顾此失彼，影响对文章的理解。

下面我们来考察一下长难句的多种特点，并提出相应的解决办法。

1、多层修饰，插入成分或者补充说明的简单句（其中多层修饰包括v-ing/ v-ed/ adj./甚至从句）。

e.g. The second kind, situational loneliness, is a natural result of a particular situation-for example, a family problem, the death of a loved one or moving to a new place.（上海，D）

方法：根据英语中的五种基本句型结构，找出句中的主语、谓语、宾语或表语，特别是先确定谓语动词，其他成分如定语、状语、补语等即可一目了然。

Practice1:

1)More married men than women named their wife/husband as best friend, most trusted person or the one they would turn to in time of emotional distress（感情危机）.(NMET2001,E)

2)The standard $200 package for eight children includes a basket filled with invitations, gifts, games and prizes, paper goods, a party planner and the like.

2、一个长句由几个并列、转折、递进、对比关系的分句组成是阅读材料中常见的类型之一。主要的连词有：and, but, for, or, while等，然后又在各个分句中加上一个或一个以上的从句。

e.g. In the earliest known history the islands were considered part of Normandy, which was part of France, but the ruler of Normandy became king of England in 1066, and from then on the islands were looked upon as British island.(春季高考，A)

方法：找出句中连词或者分号等，理清分句之间的关系，再把各层分句的意思加以连贯就构成了长句的意思。

Practice2:

1)Ken knew that Katherine of Aragon had died at Kimbotton in Cambridgeshire in 1536 and thought that Williams had buried there.

2)Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; wood was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from worldlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word “conservation” had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today.

3、一些长句其实是由一个主句和几个状语从句构成多层次的主从复合句，常见的状语从句有：

时间状语从句：由when, before, as soon as, next time等引导。

地点状语从句：由where等引导。

目的状语从句：由so that, in order that等引导。

结果状语从句：由so, so/such…that, as a result, therefore, thus等引导。

条件状语从句：由if, unless, on condition that等引导。

让步状语从句：由although, though, no matter how, whenever, whoever等引导。

e.g. Whereas a woman’s closet female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.(NMET2001,E)

方法：找出连词，分清主句和从句，理清主从句之间的逻辑关系。

Pratice3:

1)If we make the earth a poor place to live on because we are careless or greedy（贪婪）or quarrelsome, our grandchildren will not bother to think of excuses for us. (NMET2001,D)

2)Yet I did not know the real American society until I was injured in a car accident because after the accident I had to see a doctor-and go to court. (shanghai2000, B)

4、一个长句由若干个名词性从句构成，如主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和定语从句，加深句子的理解难度。

e.g. Pasteur discover that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine. With the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.

方法：剔出从句，单独理解，再拼凑大意，便可降低难度。注意：分析时，注意找准同位语从句所解释说明的名词和定语从句的先行词。

1) What Winter knows the 19-year-old who saved hid life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honour his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation.

2) Few realize that the English language is actually Germanic in its beginning and that the French influences are all the result of one’s ambition. (NMET2001,D)

5、特殊句型，如强调句，倒装句，省略句等。

方法：根据上下文和句子结构，使句子恢复原状，降低理解难度。

e.g. 1. No longer will the public accept the old attitude of “Buy it, use it, throw it away, and forget it”.

→The public will no longer accept the old attitude of “Buy it, use it, throw it away, and forget it”.

2. It was only after he had spent several nights digging around the cross that he decided to write to Kit Williams to find out if he was wasting his time there.

→He decided to write to Kit Williams to find out if he was wasting his time there only after he had spent several nights digging around the cross.

→Only after he had spent several nights digging around the cross did he decide to write to Kit Williams to find out if he was wasting his time there.

EXERCISES

近几年来高考英语阅读理解长难句选析

1. As I was not experienced in cooking, I thought if a dozen was good, two dozen would be better so I doubled everything. (NMET2000,B)

高考题：Why did the woman’s attempt at making the bread turn out to be unsuccessful?

A. The canned orange had gone bad.

B. She didn’t use the right kind of flour.

C. The cookbook was hard to understand.

D. She did not follow the directions closely.

2. The hot sun had caused the dough to double in size and the fermenting yeast（酵母）made the surface shake and sigh as though it were breathing. (NMET2000, D)

高考题：What made the dough in the bin look frightening?

A. The rising and falling movement. B. The strange-looking marks

C. Its shape D. Its size

3. Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundels, or struggling with their ballalators through the cribe. These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for things and ideas that e simply can’t think of. (NMET 2000, D)

高考题：Spundels and ballalators are used in the text to refer to .

A. tools used in farming B. ideas about modern life

C. unknown things in the future D. hunting skills in the Stone Age

4. At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floor’s chute doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute. (NMET2000, E)

高考题：Before drooping rubbish into the chute you have to .

A. lock the other floor’s chute doors B. check if the container is full

C. press the correct button D. break up the rubbish

5. A recent study showed that two out of five adults now consider the environment safety of a product before they buy it. (NMET2001, C)

高考题：It becomes clear from the text that the driving force（动力）behind green product is .

A. public caring for the environment B. companies’ desire for bigger sales

C, new ways of doing things D. rapid growth of supermarket

6. When Americans visit Europe for the first time, they usually find Germany more “foreign” than France because the German they see on signs and advertisements seems much more different from English than French does. (NMET 2001, D)

高考题：Why does France appear less foreign than Germany to Americans on their visit to Europe?

A. Most advertisements in France appear in English ones.

B. They know little of the history of the English language.

C. Many French words are similar to English ones.

D. They know French better than German.

7. Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business. (NMET2001, C)

高考题：What is the meaning of “the organic trend ” as the words are used in the text?

A. growing interest in organic food B. better quality of organic food

C. rising market for organic food D. higher prices of organic food

篇4：托福阅读长难句分析

The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats. (TPO22,46)

candid photography n. 快拍摄影

subject n. 对象

radical /'r?d?kl/ adj. 根本的，基本的，彻底的

crop v. 剪短

impose /?m'p??z/ v. 将某事物强加於

compositional adj. 组成的

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

The new candid photography—(unposed pictures) (that were made) (when the subjects were unaware) (that their pictures were being taken)—confirmed these scientific results, and (at the same time), (thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images)(that the camera often imposed), suggested new compositional formats. (TPO22, 46)